Facial morphology in the adult Spanish population: a comprehensive anthropometric study using 3D photoanthropometry

Abstract

This study elucidates the anthropometric variations of the Spanish facial features through the presentation of extensive adult population reference data derived from photoanthropometric measurements and indices. A total of 535 Spanish individuals (215 men and 320 women) of legal age participated in this research. Using 3D facial images captured by a portable white light led 3D scanner, 21 cephalometric landmarks were identified. Subsequently, 21 linear measurements and 20 proportionality indices of the head and face based on standard traditional measurements, were calculated. Descriptive statistics, including the mean value, standard deviation, minimum value, maximum value, and the first, second, and third quartiles were determined for each measurement and index. Furthermore, potential differences between sexes (male and female) and age group (young adulthood and the middle/older adulthood), as well as associations between measurements and body mass index were assessed. Results revealed statistically significant differences between male and female individuals in 25 of the 27 measurements, with male exhibiting higher means. Significant differences were observed in 11 of the 21 indices studied, with six higher in males and five higher in females. Correlation analysis between measures and indices with BMI showed a weak statistically significant association with lower facial area. Age group comparisons indicated significant differences in over half of the variables analyzed, predominantly affecting the eyes, nose, mouth, and mandible. These findings contribute to the establishment of reference anthropometric data for the Spanish population and underscore the importance of tailored approaches in facial morphological studies to ensure the generation of accurate and applicable results.