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Evaluación de un programa de prevención y tratamiento del tabaquismo en adolescentes


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Título :
Evaluación de un programa de prevención y tratamiento del tabaquismo en adolescentes
Autor :
Gonzálvez Maestre, María Teresa
Tutor:
Espada Sánchez, José Pedro
Orgilés, Mireia  
Departamento:
Departamentos de la UMH::Psicología de la Salud
Fecha de publicación:
2017-01-12
URI :
http://hdl.handle.net/11000/5147
Resumen :
La presente tesis doctoral tiene tres objetivos generales: (1) revisar y analizar la eficacia de los programas preventivos de drogas en escolares españoles, (2) profundizar en el conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo asociados al consumo de tabaco en adolescentes españoles, y (3) evaluar la ef...  Ver más
This thesis has three general objectives: (1) revise and analyze the effectiveness of the drug prevention programs among Spanish scholars, (2) analyze risk factors associated with the tobacco consumption in Spanish adolescents, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of Project Ex for the prevention and cessation of tobacco consumption among Spanish adolescents, and analyze the mediator effect of nicotine dependence on the program effectiveness. Firstly, school drug prevention programs implemented in Spain and published between 2002 and 2013 were examined, in order to analyze their effectiveness and to have new evidence about the programs that work and to improve those that are being made, in order to optmize resources. Secondly, the role of emotional variables was examined as a risk factor for smoking initiation in Spanish adolescents, and its relationship to the intensity of consumption was analyzed. Thirdly, the clinic version of Project EX for the cessation of tobacco consumption was adapted and implemented, and its short and long-­‐term effectiveness among Spanish adolescents was tested. Also, the mediating effect of nicotine dependence on the effectiveness of the program to reduce the tobacco consumption was analyzed. In order to adapt the program to the schoolers curriculum, the mixed versión (preventive-­‐interventive) of Project EX was adapted and implemented for its implementation in the school context, evaluating its long-­‐ term preventive effectiveness. This thesis compiles six studies grouped into the three objectives mentioned above. Then, the studies are summarized separately. Study 1. Meta-­‐analysis of the effectiveness of school substance abuse prevention programs in Spain. The aim of this paper is to use a meta-­‐analysis to analyze the effectiveness of school drug prevention programs in Spain. Twenty-­‐one studies that evaluated drug abuse prevention programs in schools, where published between 2002 and 2013, and that met the selection criteria were identified. Preventive program effectiveness was low (d = 0.16), although it was higher at the follow-­‐up (d = 0.30). The programs were most effective in changing attitudes (d = 0.44) towards drugs. The models of health education (d = 0.48) and social learning (d = 0.20) were also very effective, especially in combination with oral, written, and audiovisual support material (d = 0.21) and the implementation of joint programs by health education professionals and factulty members (d = 0.25). Is posible to determine the need for more rigorous evaluations of interventions to establish useful programs. Study 2. Mood and smoking habits in Spanish adolescents. Although there is evidence of the relationship between mood and smoking, the results are inconclusive and the extent to which this variable predicts the consumption of tobacco in Spanish adolescents is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the mood among adolescent smokers and nonsmokers, and check whether smokers show more intensely with a worse mood. A sample of 1,507 Spanish adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years old was selected (M = 15.28; SD = 1.20). Sociodemographic variables were evaluated and mood was assessed using the Brief version of the 20-­‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CED-­‐D), and tobacco behavior ever and during the last month and often through a self-­‐report. Adolescent smokers have a worse mood than nonsmokers. Is more likely to be a smoker when there is a low mood (B = 1.17; p < .001). Smokers (n = 487) were classified depending of their mood: low (N = 51), medium (n = 97) and high (n = 339). Adolescents with a low mood showed a higher daily consumption of cigarettes compared to those with a better mood. Smokers with a better mood had a consumption pattern of lower intensity. New evidence on the role of depressed mood as a risk factor for the initiation of smoking among adolescents is provided, proven its relation to greater consumption intensity. Study 3. Pilot clinic study of Project EX for smoking cessation with Spanish adolescents. So far, there are no evidence-­‐based smoking cessation programs for adolescents in Spain. This study describes the evaluation of Project EX, an eight-­‐session school-­‐ based clinic smoking cessation program, with Spanish cigarette smokers 13-­‐19 years of age, from 9 schools (four program condition schools and five control condition schools). A group-­‐randomized controlled trial was used. There were 211 smokers at baseline (112 program group, and 99 control group). Evaluation involved an immediate pretest and posttest survey (administered five-­‐weeks later) and six-­‐month follow-­‐up (after the immediate posttest). At immediate posttest, Project EX significantly reduced future nicotine dependence scores (mFTQ; p < .001), and increased intention to quit smoking (p < .001), and led to a higher previous day (prior to assessment) quit rate, (p < .03). At the six-­‐month follow-­‐up, the percentage of quitters in the program group was 14.28%, whereas no smokers quit smoking in the control group (p < .04), and Project EX had a significant influence on future smoking expectation (p = .006) and overall level of 30-­‐day smoking. Results for the Project EX school-­‐based clinic are promising for adolescent smokers in Spain, although difficulties in recruitment and high attrition are of concern. Findings and limitations are discussed and suggestions for future research are suggested. Study 4. One-­‐year effects of Project EX: A smoking intervention pilot program with Spanish adolescents. Adolescent smoking is a major public health problem, which has led to the development of cessation programs such as Project EX. However, there is no evidence for the long-­‐term efficacy of the Project EX cessation program among Spanish adolescent smokers. This study provides a one-­‐year follow-­‐up evaluation of the Project EX tobacco use cessation program among 211 smokers. The intent-­‐to treat 30-­‐day smoking quit rates for the program group was 7.81% (p = .04), whereas no smokers quit in the control group (p = .02). The intervention had a significant influence on future smoking expectation, intention, motivation to quit, and the overall level of 30-­‐day smoking. Long-­‐term outcomes of the Project EX clinic-­‐based program are promising for adolescent smokers in Spain. Study 5. Nicotine dependence as a mediator of Project EX’s effects to reduce tobacco use in scholars. Despite the fact that some school-­‐based tobacco cessation and prevention interventions prove to be effective for their purposes, there is a lack of understanding as to why these programs succeed or fail. This longitudinal study aims to test the nicotine dependence (ND) as a mediator of Project EX’s effect – a tobacco-­‐use cessation program developed for high school youth to reduce tobacco consumption in scholars. Six high schools located in the Mediterranean coast were randomized for the participation of the program (Spanish version of Project EX) or a waiting-­‐list group with baseline, immediate-­‐posttest, and 12-­‐month follow-­‐up assessments. At baseline, 1,546 adolescents aged 14-­‐21 years old (mean age: 15.28; SD = 1.20; 46% were women) were evaluated by self-­‐administered tests on tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence. A biomarker of smoke inhalation – a measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (ECM) – was used. Participants who were smokers (N= 501; 32%) were selected for this study. Mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS v2.12 macro for Windows. The significant criterion was p ≤ .05, and 5,000 samples were used for bias-­‐corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. Results indicated that Project EX indirectly decreased the number of cigarettes smoked in the last month, the number of cigarettes smoked within the last 7 days, the number of daily cigarettes, and ECM level at 12-­‐month follow up through decreasing the level of ND in the short-­‐term. This is the first Spanish study that explores ND as a mediator of the long-­‐term efficacy of Project EX to reduce tobacco consumption in adolescents. Results suggest that interventions that reduce ND at short-­‐term are more likely to be successful to decrease tobacco use at long-­‐term. Study 6. One-­‐year effects of Project EX in Spain: A classroom-­‐based smoking prevention and cessation intervention program. The current study provides a one-­‐year follow-­‐up outcome evaluation of Project EX, an eight-­‐session classroom-­‐based curriculum. The intervention was tested using a randomized controlled trial with 1,546 Spanish students, involving three program and three control schools. Compared to the control condition, the program condition revealed a greater reduction in nicotine dependence (p < .05) and CO ppm levels (p < .001), and lower consumption of cigarettes at last month (p = .03). Long-­‐term outcomes of the Project EX classroom-­‐based program are promising for adolescent prevention and possibly cessation in Spain.
Palabras clave/Materias:
tabaquismo
adolescentes
prevención
Área de conocimiento :
CDU: Filosofía y psicología: Psicología
Tipo de documento :
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Derechos de acceso:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Aparece en las colecciones:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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