Effect of deficit irrigation strategies on the elemental composition of “Mirlo Rojo” apricot cultivated in Spain

Abstract

Background: Deficit irrigation (DI) is a key strategy for optimizing water use in agriculture, particularly in regions affected by climate change. This study evaluates the effects of four DI regimes (100 %, 66 %, 33 %, and 0 % of crop evapotranspiration) on the elemental profile of "Mirlo Rojo" apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in southeastern Spain. Methodology: Essential (B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn) and non-essential elements (As, Cr, Pb, and Rb) were quantified by ICP MS following microwave-assisted acid digestion. Data analysis employed Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman’s rank correlation (bivariate analysis). Method validity was confirmed by 80 %-120 % recovery rates. Results: Seven elements varied significantly (B, Cu, Fe, Na, P, Pb, Rb), while major elements (K, Ca, Mg), Mn and Zn remained stable. K, the most abundant element, peaked at 18,200 mg/kg (33 % DI). As was undetectable and Pb (0.11–0.13 mg/kg) remained below current European regulatory limits, regardless of DI. Non-monotonic responses and significant element correlations were observed, suggesting complex soil-plant interactions. Conclusion: DI did not appear to compromise fruit safety or nutritional value. The element stability under water stress supports the potential of DI as a sustainable water management practice without increasing potentially toxic elements.