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Estrategias para lograr Edificios de Consumo de Energía casi Nulo - NZEB. Edificios con uso residencial vivienda en el clima cálido mediterráneo


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Título :
Estrategias para lograr Edificios de Consumo de Energía casi Nulo - NZEB. Edificios con uso residencial vivienda en el clima cálido mediterráneo
Autor :
Romero Rincón, Manuel Jesús
Tutor:
Vicente-Quiles, Pedro  
Aguilar-Valero, Francisco Javier  
Editor :
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Departamento:
Departamentos de la UMH::Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática
Fecha de publicación:
2022-09-27
URI :
https://hdl.handle.net/11000/28969
Resumen :
Uno de los retos más importantes de la sociedad actual está relacionado con la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático. Para ello, debemos trabajar en la reducción del consumo de energía asociado a todas las actividades humanas y en maximizar el empleo de fuentes de energía renovables. Según...  Ver más
One of the most important challenges of today's society is related to how to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate changes. To this end, we must work to reduce the energy consumption associated with all human activities and to maximize the use of renewable energy sources. According to the European Commission, buildings account for 41% of energy consumption in the EU. In Spain, this consumption represents 31.9% of the total, 18.3% in residential buildings and 13.6% in the tertiary sector. In order to improve buildings, the European Union established the requirement that all buildings constructed from 1 January 2021 must be Nearly Zero-Energy Building or NZEB. In order to achieve NZEB for residential buildings, there are various strategies in place, mainly involving the reduction of heating and cooling energy demands by improving the thermal quality of the thermal envelope (high level of thermal insulation; highly insulating window frames and glazing; elimination of thermal bridges; ventilation; solar control; air tightness) and also by improving the energy efficiency of the HVAC systems and the use of renewable energies. Most of the above strategies are technologies that have already been sufficiently developed and tested by the building industry. However, there are still two weak points: the adequate treatment of thermal bridges and the improvement of the air tightness of buildings. These are the two lines of research that are analyzed in the work carried out in this thesis. With regard to the strategy for improving thermal bridges, a detailed analysis is made of those that generate the greatest heat flow and, consequently, will have the greatest impact on the energy demand of buildings. These are the thermal bridges generated by the junction of façades and intermediate slabs: thermal bridges of slab fronts. In all the cases analyzed, the façade solution is the type traditionally used in southern Europe: double ceramic brick with intermediate thermal insulation. Two situations are analyzed: façades with an external face brick and façades with a singlecoat mortar exterior finish. Three improvement measures have been designed for the former and one for the latter. The analysis process has been carried out in two stages. In the first one, the reduction of the linear thermal transmittance value of the thermal bridge is studied by performing a finite element calculation using the THERM software and in the second one, the impact on the reduction of NZEB building indicators is studied by performing energy simulations in three Spanish cities (Alicante, Barcelona and Madrid) using the Energy Plus software. These cities were selected on the basis of those climatic zones with the highest number of dwellings already built and the highest number of dwellings built annually. In the case of face brick façade, the maximum reduction achieved in the NZEB indicators is: • Alicante (climate zone B4): 22.6% in heating demand (first indicator); 20.4% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 20.7% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 21.1% in CO2 emissions. • Barcelona (climate zone C2): 18.5% in heating demand (first indicator); 15.5% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 16.0% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 16.4% in CO2 emissions. • Madrid (climate zone D3): 16.1% in heating demand (first indicator); 14.4% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 14.6% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 14.9% in CO2 emissions. The reduction in the value of the internal linear thermal transmittance Ψi of the thermal bridge is between 20% and 63.4%. In the case of façades with a single-coat mortar exterior finish, the reduction achieved in the same indicators is: • Alicante (climate zone B4): 30% in heating demand (first indicator); 20.1% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 21.3% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 22.7% in CO2 emissions. • Barcelona (climate zone C2): 21% in heating demand (first indicator); 18.7% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 19.1% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 19.5% in CO2 emissions. • Madrid (climate zone D3): 19.8% in heating demand (first indicator); 17.7% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 18% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 18.4% in CO2 emissions. The reduction in the value of the internal linear thermal transmittance Ψi of the thermal bridge is between 47.3% and 75.4%. For the strategy to improve the air tightness of buildings, 111 Blower Door tests were conducted on housing built between 2020 and 2022 to characterize new buildings. In addition, two airtightness improvement measures were proposed and applied in several of the dwellings by repeating the Blower Door test. These data have facilitated the study of the impact on the reduction of NZEB indicators through energy simulations employing the Energy Plus software in the three Spanish cities involved. The average air change rate at a pressure difference of 50 Pa or n50, obtained from the Blower Door tests, has an average value of 11.04 ACH for dwellings built according to standard practice. With the two proposed improvements, average values of 5.38 ACH (51.3 % reduction) and 1.09 ACH (90.1 % reduction) are achieved. Applying the average tightness value of 1.09 ACH, the reduction achieved in the NZEB indicators for the cities of Alicante, Barcelona and Madrid is as follows: • Alicante (climate zone B4): 27.7% in heating demand (first indicator); 21.7% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 22.5% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 23.3% in CO2 emissions. • Barcelona (climate zone C2): 24.8% in heating demand (first indicator); 23.4% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 23.6% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 23.8% in CO2 emissions. • Madrid (climate zone D3): 23.4% in heating demand (first indicator); 22% in total primary energy consumption (second indicator); 22.2% in non-renewable primary energy consumption (third indicator) and 22.5% in CO2 emissions. In conclusion, it can be stated that the two strategies analyzed as well as the building improvements designed, are instrumental in achieving the NZEB indicators for residential buildings.
Palabras clave/Materias:
Energía
Eficiencia energética
Área de conocimiento :
CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Ingeniería. Tecnología
Tipo de documento :
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Derechos de acceso:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Aparece en las colecciones:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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