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https://hdl.handle.net/11000/27502
Efecto de la utilización de filtros de compost de lodo y zahorra sobre la calidad de las aguas de riego
Title: Efecto de la utilización de filtros de compost de lodo y zahorra sobre la calidad de las aguas de riego |
Authors: PÉREZ-GIMENO, ANA ![]() |
Tutor: Almendro-Candel, María Belén ![]() Gómez Lucas, Ignacio |
Editor: Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche |
Department: Departamentos de la UMH::Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente |
Issue Date: 2021-06-22 |
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/11000/27502 |
Abstract: El agua es vida, pero su creciente y descontrolada demanda junto con el cambio climático, han hecho de ella un bien escaso. La disminución de la cantidad de agua dulce, así como el incremento de sus niveles de contaminación, hacen necesaria una adecuada gestión hídrica. Por ello se han de buscar al... Ver más Water is life, but its growing and uncontrolled demand along with climate change has made it a scarce good. The decrease in fresh water, as well as the increase in its pollution levels, require adequate water management. Therefore, alternatives must be sought to ensure that, although its availability would be low, its quality is adequate to optimize its use. Thus came the idea of filtering waters through different materials to study how it affected their quality. One option is to use waste as filter media, or materials that are in abundance and need to be properly managed, to get the zero waste challenge of the circular economy. Besides improving irrigation water quality and giving usefulness to these materials, this is also raised as a way to restore and rehabilitate degraded areas, increasingly extensive in southeast Spain. In this framework, this research work was proposed with the aim of looking for strategies to improve the quality of the irrigation water. In the first work of the compendium of articles that form this Thesis, the characterization and cost of 12 organic and inorganic materials (sewage sludge compost, brown peat, black peat, fertilized peat, earthworm humus, straw hay, palm tree leaves, pine bark, exfoliated vermiculite, expanded perlite, limestone outcrops, and volcanic crushed stones) was carried out. Physical and chemical properties were determined according to UNE standards for soil amendments and, as it was expected due to their own nature, great variability was observed between organic and inorganic materials. The cost was estimated having in mind the mean price of each material, having the average price of each of them considering as a minimum of four different sources from different suppliers and facilitators. However, some of them, as palm tree leaves and limestone outcrops, have a cost near to zero in origin, because of their need to be properly managed. Sewage sludge compost is a good alternative for application in soil rehabilitation because of its organic matter and nutrient availability, and low cost. Among inorganic materials, limestone outcrop residue was the low cost alternative and its behaviour was near to an inert material. One of the most dangerous pollutant for environment and human health is nitrogen, in association with the high mobility of nitrogen compounds in soils and pollution risk of both groundwater and surface water. In the second work that makes up this Thesis and, once an organic (sewage sludge compost-SW) and an inorganic (limestone outcrop residue-LR) material were selected, leaching studies inside a greenhouse, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity, were developed. 16 leaching columns were disposed, half filled with sewage sludge compost and the other half with limestone outcrop residue, simulating a heavy irrigation regime (2000 mL) with two waters of different quality (saline-S and nonsaline- NS). In this way, the mobility of nitrogen compounds (NO3 -, NO2 - y NH4 +) was studied and how irrigation with waters of different salinity influences it. Four treatments combining the quality of the irrigation water and materials were studied: SW-NS, SW-S, LR-NS y LR-S. The environmental risk due to the presence of nitrogen species associated with the use of limestone outcrop was very low as no effect was found. On the contrary, sewage sludge compost, especially combined with saline water, produced an increment of nitrogen compounds in leachates. Nitrates were the most important compounds affected, for both treatments with the organic material, SW-S and SW-NS. Sewage sludge compost added more nitrates to the leachates than those coming from the irrigation water and the biological activity (nitrification). Therefore, the combination of saline water with sewage sludge compost has to be seriously considered as a source of pollution for surface and ground waters. In the third work, the impact of composted sewage sludge and limestone outcrop residue as a source of saline pollution to groundwater was studied. For 12 weeks, an experiment in greenhouse under controlled condition was developed. 16 leaching columns, half filled with sewage sludge compost and the other half with limestone outcrop residue, were irrigated with two waters of different quality (saline-S and non-saline-NS). The parameters analyzed in leachates were: pH, electrical conductivity, anions (HCO3 -,PO4 3-, Cl-, SO4 2-), cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb). It was observed that the environmental risk of salinization due to the use of both materials was important, especially with saline water irrigation. This effect was more evident during the first weeks, when sewage sludge added an important amount of salts and heavy metals to leachates. In addition, the phosphate concentration in leachates was associated to sewage sludge compost. Nevertheless, after one and a half month, the salinity coming from the irrigation water determined the quality of leachates more than the material used. Combining the use of sewage sludge compost and saline water may be an important source of salts and heavy metal pollution for surface and ground waters, so it has to be taken into account when both are used together. Finally, in the fourth work that makes up this Thesis, the effect of the use of sewage sludge compost (SW) and limestone outcrop residue (LR) as water filter systems, on suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), has been tested. An experimental design based on the use of leaching columns (0-30 cm) filled with SW and LR, under a heavy irrigation regime, was developed. Half columns of each material were irrigated with saline water (S) and the other half with non-saline water (NS). Four treatments combining irrigation water and materials were studied: SW-NS, SW-S, LR-NS y LR-S. COD, BOD5 and SS were analysed in leachates of each treatment. The results showed that COD and BOD5 were higher in the treatments with sewage sludge compost than limestone outcrop residue. Whereas saline irrigation did not modify BOD5 compared with non-saline irrigation, but increased COD in both materials. Hence the organic pollution concern when using these materials, especially sewage sludge compost. Limestone outcrop residue, inorganic and close to be considered an inert material seems to be adequate to be used as a filter system, unless for the time of this experiment. The filtration system with SW and LR can reduce SS and it would be expectable that the reduction of SS can be increased along time. It is very important to have into account all of these considerations when designing a water filter system. |
Keywords/Subjects: Contaminación Aguas superficiales Aguas subterráneas |
Knowledge area: CDU: Ciencias puras y naturales: Generalidades sobre las ciencias puras: Ciencias del medio ambiente |
Type of document: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
Access rights: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional |
Appears in Collections: Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías |