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https://hdl.handle.net/11000/27499
Análisis energético y exergético del comportamiento de paneles evaporativos empleados en sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire
Título : Análisis energético y exergético del comportamiento de paneles evaporativos empleados en sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire |
Autor : Martínez Martínez, Pedro |
Tutor: Lucas Miralles, Manuel |
Editor : Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche |
Departamento: Departamentos de la UMH::Ingeniería Mecánica y Energía |
Fecha de publicación: 2021-07-29 |
URI : https://hdl.handle.net/11000/27499 |
Resumen : El consumo energético en el sector de la edificación representa un 32 % del consumo total mundial de energía, según la Agencia Internacional de la Energía, lo que supone que este sector sea actualmente el mayor consumidor final de energía. La directiva 2010/31/EU sobre el rendimiento energético de ... Ver más Energy consumption in the building sector accounts for 32 % of total global energy consumption, according to the International Energy Agency, making the building sec-tor currently the world’s largest final energy consumer. Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency show both that 40 % of total energy consumption in the European Union is accounted for by buildings and that this is a growing sector, with an expected increase in energy consum-ption. Due to this situation, latest European Union energy policy guidelines promote the establishment of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement measures in buildings. A method to reduce energy consumption and improve the efficiency of air co-oled air-conditioning systems is by means of pre-cooling techniques, using evaporative cooling pads in the inlet air flow to the condenser. A reduction of the condensing temperature results in energy savings in the air-conditioning system, as this tempera-ture significantly determines the efficiency of the thermodynamic refrigeration cycle. A decrease in the condensing temperature leads to a reduction in the working pressure ratio of the compressor, the main energy consumer for this type of installation, which results in increased cycle efficiency and energy savings in the overall operation of the air-conditioning system. The research work carried out in this thesis addresses, in a first line of research, the modelling of this pre-cooling process through the experimental study of the thermal and fluid-dynamic behaviour of a new type of plastic mesh evaporative pad, made of high-density polyethylene. The study has characterised the behaviour of this type of pad, measuring its most relevant properties: saturation efficiency, pressure loss, fluctuations in air temperature and humidity, and amount of water evaporated. With a study and testing methodology similar to that employed by other authors, this work is distinguished by investigating a new type of evaporative pad from both an energetic and an exergetic point of view. The results of the study show that this type of pad can achieve a maximum satura-tion efficiency value of 80.5 %, when using a pad thickness of 250 mm and an airflow velocity of less than 0.5 m s−1. On the other hand, the pads produce a maximum pres-sure drop of 17 Pa in the air stream, when the pad thickness is 250 mm and the air velocity is 1.95 m s−1. For the other pad operating conditions, correlations have been obtained that model the saturation efficiency and pressure loss as a function of the experimental variables: air velocity, pad thickness and dispensed water flow rate. The exergy study of the evaporative pre-cooling process has provided the definition of a new exergy efficiency definition that could be used to size the pads and select the optimal air speed for their correct operation. In a second line of research, this thesis presents a preliminary study of the characte-risation and evaluation of an alternative pre-cooling technique to the use of evaporative pads, which aims to avoid some of their main disadvantages, such as the loss of pressu-re that the pads cause in the air flow and the maintenance problems caused by ageing. This study characterises an ultrasonic water mist generator and assesses its use as an evaporative pre-cooling system in air-conditioning systems. The study is carried out on a prototype ultrasonic mist maker, designed and built for this purpose, and it has been necessary to experimentally characterise its water mist production capacity and the distribution of droplet sizes generated. This is a multidisciplinary line of research for which no previous references have been found in the literature, including energy balan-ces, evaluation of thermal performance, determination of fluid dynamic flow patterns and study of water mist generation conditions using electronic ultrasonic transducers. To evaluate the characteristics and pre-cooling capacity of the water mist pro-duced by the ultrasonic generator, a test rig consisting of the water mist generator coupled to a subsonic wind tunnel has been designed and built. Characterisation tests of the ultrasonic nebuliser show that it is capable of delivering water mist flow rates between 0.11×10−3 and 0.52×10−3 kg s−1. Furthermore, it has been determined by a photographic technique that the size distribution of the atomised water droplets has a Sauter mean diameter D3,2 = 13.2 µm. The results of the pre-cooling capacity study reveal that the average evaporative cooling efficiency (εAEC) and the average temperature drop (Tdrop), increase when the atomised water flow rate is increased and the air flow rate is reduced, obtaining ma-ximum values of εAEC = 65 % and Tdrop = 4.3 °C for a water-to-air flow rate ratio of 2.41×10−3 and an air flow rate of 630 m3 h−1. The maximum direct evaporative cooling efficiency (εDEC) recorded is 83.7 % for a water-to-air ratio of 0.35×10−3 and an air flow rate of 630 m3 h−1. It has been found that the evaporative pre-cooling process is not homogeneous throughout the airflow for many operating conditions and, to specifi-cally evaluate this phenomenon, a new performance indicator called εLCP (local cooling performance) has been introduced. A range for the water-to-air flow rate ratio bet-ween 1.4×10−3 and 2.3×10−3 has been identified where there is a better distribution of the water mist throughout the control section and a more homogeneous and effec-tive evaporative cooling process. As a final assessment, it is concluded that ultrasonic water mist generation is a promising alternative to conventional pre-cooling systems using evaporative pads, but still has drawbacks that need to be addressed with future research. |
Palabras clave/Materias: Refrigeración Transferencia de calor Transferencia de masa |
Área de conocimiento : CDU: Ciencias puras y naturales: Física CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Ingeniería. Tecnología |
Tipo de documento : info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
Derechos de acceso: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional |
Aparece en las colecciones: Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías |
La licencia se describe como: Atribución-NonComercial-NoDerivada 4.0 Internacional.