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Sensibilidad de la glomalina a los efectos provocados por el fuego en el suelo y su relación con la repelencia al agua en suelos forestales mediterráneos


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Título :
Sensibilidad de la glomalina a los efectos provocados por el fuego en el suelo y su relación con la repelencia al agua en suelos forestales mediterráneos
Autor :
Lozano Guardiola, Elena
Tutor:
Mataix Solera, Jorge
Arcenegui Baldó, Victoria
Mataix Beneyto, Jorge
Departamento:
Departamentos de la UMH::Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente
Fecha de publicación:
2015-11-27
URI :
http://hdl.handle.net/11000/2481
Resumen :
Los suelos son imprescindibles para la vida, por lo tanto entender como funcionan y como responden a las perturbaciones es indispensable para llevar a cabo una correcta conservación y uso adecuado de los mismos. Las particularidades del clima mediterráneo, caracterizado por un periodo estival muy c...  Ver más
Soils are essential for life, so understanding how they work and respond to environmental disturbances is crucial to carrying out a proper maintenance and use of them. The peculiarities of the Mediterranean climate, characterized by a very hot and dry summer season, are the reason why forest fires and water use have been of special interest in the last decades in the southeast of Spain. In this PhD thesis, both issues have been addressed through the study of a soil component, glomalin (a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), which get into the ground when hyphae die and decompose. This glycoprotein is being widely studied due to its contribution to soil carbon and nitrogen storage, its role in soil structure (through the formation of aggregates), and the sequestration of potentially toxic soil elements among others. It is also known for its sensitivity to perturbations such as changes in land management. In concrete, in this PhD thesis, glomalin has been studied as a soil component that can provide information about the status of the soil after a forest fire, and as a possible factor involved in the development of soil water repellency, a phenomenon which can occur under natural conditions and which is also very common as a consequence of wildfires. The general objective of this PhD thesis, "Sensitivity of glomalina to fire effects on soil and its relationship with water repellency in Mediterranean forest soils”, is to study the effects of fires on glomalin stocks, as well as the factors involved in the appearance of water repellency and its consequences on the microbiological community in Mediterranean forest soils. The thesis is structured in four chapters with journal format. All chapters have been published as articles in international impact journals such as "Land Degradation and Development" (Chapter 1), "Science of the Total Environment” (Chapter 2), "Geoderma" (Chapter 3) and "Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics" (Chapter 4). Fire is a natural ecological factor, which was a phenomenon long before human existence. In fact, fire plays an important role in the maintenance of the structure and functionality of the ecosystems. Unfortunately, in the last decades, certain human factors, such as agricultural abandonment and fire suppression policies among others, have provoked a change in the fire regime and intensity.Soil is a basic component of the forest ecosystem and the remaining components depend on it. The immediate effect of heat and post-fire conditions cause physical, chemical and biological changes in it. Depending on certain factors and the environmental conditions, these changes can last for years. Therefore, an evaluation of soil health after a fire is essential for its proper conservation and recovery. In consequence, finding components or soil indicators able to inform about soil evolution and recovery after a wildfire is of major importance. In this regard, in Chapter 1, glomalin response to temperature was studied. To achieve this, eight different soils from Alicante province were burned under laboratory conditions at six temperatures (180, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500°C). Soil organic matter and soil water repellency (commonly used as fire severity indicators) response to temperature was also analysed to evaluate the usefulness of glomalin as an indicator of fire severity. Soils analysed were mainly selected on the basis of soil texture; 3 sandy soils, 4 loam soils and 1 clay soil. Glomalin content response to temperature was different between soils. Response to temperature was similar between soils with similar textures. Other soil properties such as aggregate stability and organic matter content also influenced the response of glomalin content to different temperatures. However, the response of organic matter to temperature was very similar between different soils. Water repellency did not appear in any of the soils after the different treatments, except for those that were already hydrophobic in natural conditions. Soil water repellency completely disappeared at over 200°C. The combined use of different sensitive soil parameters to temperatures could provide very useful information about soil fire severity. Burning experiments under laboratory conditions are needed to study the direct effects of temperatura on soil properties, although field and laboratory conditions will not be exactly the same. Therefore, the next step was to analyse the response of the glomalin after a wildfire. In Chapter 2, the sensitivity of glomalin to fire effects on soil under the influence of two vegetal species (pine vs shrubs) was examined. Immediate effects of fire were studied in two different areas: Gorga and Gata de Gorgos (both located in Alicante province), while medium-term effects were only studied in Gorga. Different plots were installed to be monitored quarterly during a year. Glomalin content immediately after the fire only significantly changed in shrub plots in Gorga, so fire severity was higher in those plots. The results of organic matter also showed a higher fire severity in shrub plots, in this case in both study sites. The different results observed between glomalin and organic material response to fire could be due to the different response to temperature between parameters. Medium-term fire effects in glomalin content were observed in both types of plots. Glomalin contents in the control plots were variable across the year, while burned plots glomalin content did not change during the same period of study. The lack of variability could be due to a low rate of both glomalin production and mineralization. Furthermore, glomalin has been considered as a possible factor involved in the development of soil water repellency. The observation of this phenomenon is of special relevance in a semiarid area, like the Southeast of Spain. Soil is responsible for water storage and distribution. The presence of surface soil water repellency will limit vegetation cover growth and microbiological activity, and therefore all the factors that depend on it, such as biogeochemical cycles, which are crucial for the proper functioning of the ecosystems. Thus, it is not surprising that soil water repellency has received special attention in the last decades. Water repellency is a very complex phenomenon whose appearance can be linked to many factors such as plant species, organic matter, texture, pH, moisture, forest fires etc. It is a difficult property to study and has important environmental implications (positive and negative). Studying its causes and ecological implications is crucial to understanding the real implications for agricultural production and vegetation recovery after a wildfire. Therefore, the main objective of Chapter 3 was to find out which factors are the most relevant in the development of soil water repellency. A large quantity of chemical and biological factors were studied, in concrete, plant species influence, pH, organic matter, total lipid content, glomalin, total mycelium content and ergosterol were analysed. Texture was not considered as a factor since all samples belong to the same area and this factor has been extensively studied. The quality of soil organic matter, in concrete extractable lipid content, was the major responsible factor in soil water repellency. In general, correlations between soil water repellency persistence and other parameters, including glomalin, were related to soil organic matter content. However, fungal activity was also a significant factor in the particular case of pine samples. Fungi have a special role in the mineralization of recalcitrant compounds, so quality and quantity (amount and type of hydrophobic compounds) could be the main reasons for the correlation found. The conclusions of this study led us to ask the following question: what is the relationship between soil microbial community composition and soil water repellency persistence? Therefore, we tried to answer that question in Charpter 4, where we studied, the composition of the soil microbial community under the influence of different plant species and persistence of water repellency. The results revealed a strong relationship between the microbial community composition and persistence of the soil water repellency. Accumulation of hydrophobic compounds (more difficult to degrade) and small differences in soil properties (like moisture and pH) may be causing changes in microbial composition, due to their role in the mineralization of samples. This indicates an imbalance between growth of microorganisms and organic matter content (and therefore hydrophobic compounds) input. The presence and persistence of these compounds in soil partially depends on the presence of soil microorganisms capable of degrading them. In this sense, the functional group actinobacteria were the most directly related to water repellency, and therefore in the degradation of hydrophobic compounds.
Palabras clave/Materias:
Glomalina
Suelos forestales
Incendios
Área de conocimiento :
CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca
Tipo de documento :
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Derechos de acceso:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Aparece en las colecciones:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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