Abstract:
INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico prenatal tiene como objetivo la detección "in
útero" de los defectos congénitos, estimando el riesgo de cromosomopatías y permitiendo
así que la familia decida si continuar o no con la gestación. Existen varios métodos de
screening de aneuploidías: la translucencia nuca... Ver más
INTRODUCTION: Prenatal diagnosis aims at detecting congenital defects “in
utero”, estimating the risk of prenatal chromosomopathy and thus allowing the family to
decide whether or not to continue with the pregnancy. There are several methods of
screening for aneuploidy: nuchal translucency (NT), combined screening or CCPT and
determination of prenatal cell-free DNA or non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT). When the
results indicate a high risk of chromosomal abnormalities, invasive tests are used for
definitive diagnosis, including amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling or cordocentesis.
On fetal samples obtained by these procedures, various genetic studies can be performed
with different techniques: QF-PCR, karyotyping by short culture or semi-direct method
in chorionic villi, karyotyping by long culture, microarray, specific molecular studies
and/or DNA reserve studies such as the NGS (next generation sequencing) gene panel or
the whole exome. These DNA reserve studies correspond to advanced sequencing
techniques that are increasingly being incorporated in medical care and, in particular, in
the diagnosis of fetal pathology.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the introduction of targeted panels and
the whole exome in the protocol for the study of fetal ultrasound anomalies.
METHODS: The analysis of 20 cases of exoma performed at the Hospital
Universitario de San Juan de Alicante was carried out, obtaining information through a
bibliographic search in different databases such as PubMed, Scielo, UptoDate, Elsevier
and GapSEGO Clinical Guides. RESULTS: Twenty cases of exome were studied, of which five were pathological
and were not identified as abnormal by the usual techniques, i.e., thanks to the exome,
genetic alterations were found in 25% of the cases, leading to the interruption of 20% of
the pregnancies due to poor fetal prognosis.
DISCUSION: In most cases, interpretation of exome sequencing data requires
comparison of identified genetic variants with phenotypic findings. According to the data
from our study, molecular tests were diagnostic in 25% of the cases, taking into account
that even by combining various techniques, the identification of a causal genetic variant
cannot be guaranteed in all cases and that advanced genetic sequencing tests do not have
the capacity to detect certain anomalies at the cardiac level. On the other hand, it is evident
that there is a growing interest in the introduction of such sequencing strategies in the
clinical practice of prenatal medicine due to the increased diagnostic yield in the finding
of congenital anomalies, thus improving the fetal prognostic information that could be
offered for present and future pregnancies.
CONCLUSIONS: It is confirmed the great importance of the application of
exome sequencing as a strategy to increase prenatal diagnosis of genetic anomalies,
offering the possibility of legal termination of pregnancy in case of poor fetal prognosis.
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