Resumen :
El acceso y la distribución de fármacos en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) es uno de los pasos limitantes a la hora de tratar patologías que afectan tanto al cerebro como a la médula espinal por la presencia de la barrera hematoencefálica (BHE). Además, la prevalencia de estas patologías aumenta ... Ver más
The access and distribution of drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the limiting steps when treating pathologies that affect both the brain and/or the spinal cord due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, the prevalence of these pathologies increases worldwide year after year and most of the clinical trials carried out with new molecules to treat them fail after huge amounts of money have been invested.
So, in this thesis, (1) the in vitro methodology for determining the permeability of the BBB has been optimized, (2) several in vitro/in vivo correlations (IVIVCs) have been obtained which can relate the results obtained using the in vitro methodology with in vivo data coming from rats, (3) a new mathematical model which is able to predict the distribution of drugs in the brain has been developed and (4) a couple of new nanostructures which increase the access of ponatinib to the CNS have been succeed.
First, a previously proposed BBB model, in which two different monolayers (MDCK and MDCK-MDR1) were used to simulate the BBB and 4 different types of experiments (Standard A to B, standard B to A, albumin A to B and brain homogenate B to A) were carried out to evaluate the access and distribution of drugs in the brain, was optimized by means of: a) substituting the cell monolayer by a more complex one (hCMEC/D3) and b) substituting the brain homogenate by a new “animal-free” formulation. Both approaches proved to be able to predict the following parameters: the unbound plasma–brain partition coefficient (Kpuu,brain), the unbound fraction of drug in plasma (fu,plasma), the unbound fraction of drug in brain (fu,brain) and the apparent volume of distribution in brain (Vu,brain) and constitute high-throughput screening tools which contribute to the reduction, refinement and replacement of animals in research.
Then, the in vitro data obtained with the methodology mentioned above were combined with in silico and in vivo information to obtain a new semi-physiological model which, by means of using differential equations and several Quantitative Structure–Property Relationships (QSPRs) was able to predict the complete brain profiles of several drugs in rats.
Finally, two different nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (M-MSNs), loaded with ponatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of glioblastoma, were prepared. Both types of particles were characterized and tested in vitro an in vivo, proving that they are not toxic for BBB cells and that they can increase the amount of drug that reaches the brain when they are administered intranasally in comparison with the results obtained by the free drug.
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