Resumen :
Introducción y objetivos
El síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), que ha causado la pandemia por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), continúa propagándose por oleadas por todo el mundo y está asociado con altas tasas de mortalidad entre adultos mayores, aquellos con comorbilidades, y los que se... Ver más
Introduction and objectives
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), continues to spread in waves worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates among older adults, those with comorbidities, and those in poor physiological states. The primary objective of this study is to quantify COVID -19 mortality in frail and non-frail patients in the first and second waves. Secondary objectives are to assess whether frailty status adjusted for sex, age and other independent variables is associated with mortality and to determine the factors associated with mortality in patients admitted for Covid-19.
Material and methods: Retrospective longitudinal descriptive observational design of incidence. In a random sample on the register of medical records, we studied 185 patients admitted with SARS-Cov-2 infection in the general hospital of Elda during the first two waves of the pandemic declared by the WHO in 2020 from March to December 2020. The Clinical Frailty Scale was used to classify frailty levels, frailty was defined when the score was equal to or higher than 5. The estimated precision with respect to the primary objective that corresponds to the sample studied is around 6.5%. Seventy-one patients who met the frailty criteria were identified. The source of information is the internal medicine registry of HGUE medical records. To assess the associated factors, multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression in which the dependent variable was frailty to respond to the first secondary objective and the dependent variable was mortality in a second analysis. To assess the discriminative capacity of the multivariate models, ROC curves and their areas under the 95% curve were calculated. Results: Of the 185 patients, 38.37% presented frailty criteria, with a mortality of 29.60% (95% CI 18 - 41.2) compared to a mortality of 15.86% (95% CI 4.2 - 15%) in non-frail patients (p<0.05). The multivariate model obtained taking frailty as the dependent variable was highly significant (p<0.001) and included 5 variables: sex, age, mortality, ICU and dementia. Of these, four were significant: mortality (P = 0.015 OR = 3.46), age (P<0.001 OR= 1.071), ICU (P= 0.020 OR =0.133) and dementia (P<0.001 OR 15.022). In the ROC Curve with an area under the curve of 0.844 (P= 0.000, 95% CI 0.781 - 0.907).
In the multivariate analysis, taking mortality and non-mortality as the dependent variable and the presence or absence of frailty, symptoms and complications on admission as the independent variable. The model obtained was highly significant (p < 0.001) and included 8 variables: sex, age, frailty, dyspnea, rhonchi, confusion, pneumonia and ICU. Of which three were significant: frailty (p = 0.035 OR = 3.025), age (p= 0.017 OR= 1.06)1, ICU P< 0.01 OR =19.44. The area under the ROC curve was 0.833 (P<0.001 95% CI 0.770 - 0.896).
The multivariate model took mortality and non-mortality as the dependent variable and the presence or absence of frailty and complications during follow-up as independent variables. The model obtained was highly significant (p< 0.01) and 9 variables were significant: frailty (p= 0.024 OR 9.363) and acute respiratory distress syndrome when comparing the mild category with no acute respiratory distress syndrome (p= 0.021 OR 10.328) and when the severe category was included (p< 0.01 OR 413.316). The area under the ROC curve was 0.962 (p< 0.01 CI 0.922 - 1). Conlusions: About 3 out of 10 patients admitted with a diagnosis of frailty and COVID-19 died at the General University Hospital of Elda. With respect to the secondary objectives, the multivariate models show a moderate-high accuracy in which frailty is associated with mortality when adjusted for other independent variables.
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