Resumen :
Los problemas emocionales, como la ansiedad y depresión, se
encuentran entre las dificultades psicológicas más comunes en la etapa
escolar. Si no son detectadas y tratadas a tiempo, tienden a persistir y
cronificarse. La comorbilidad entre ambos trastornos es frecuente y conlleva
graves consecuenci... Ver más
Emotional problems, such as anxiety and depression, are among the most
common psychological difficulties at the school stage. If not detected and
treated in time, they tend to persist and become chronic. Comorbidity between
both disorders frequently occurs and results in serious consequences. The early
onset of these internalizing problems, and the impairment in children's lives,
emphasizes the need to explore psychopathology in this population to identify
the most vulnerable profiles and implement preventive measures at this age,
especially from a transdiagnostic perspective. However, these interventions are
scarce, especially in Spain.
The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis was to explore how
psychological difficulties appear in children and to evaluate the efficacy of a
transdiagnostic intervention aimed at the prevention of emotional and comorbid
problems in childhood. To this end, six descriptive and experimental studies were
carried out with samples of Spanish primary school children, both in school and
clinical settings. The specific objectives of these studies are described below.
The first aim was to detect patterns of psychological difficulties and strengths in the Spanish school population and to identify risk profiles. This
objective was addressed through Publication 1, which consisted of exploring the
diversity of symptom profiles in a sample of children aged 7 to 12 years through
a latent class analysis. The results evidenced the sample heterogeneity after
obtaining five latent class profiles: High Difficulties, Externalizing, Internalizing,
Hyperactive and Well-adjusted. The High Difficulties subtype presented
comorbid symptoms and a more elevated risk of psychopathology.
The second objective encompasses three studies corresponding to
Publication 2, Publication 3, and Publication 4, and consisted of analyzing the
factors involved in the effectiveness of the Super Skills for Life (SSL) program in its
group version, as well as its effects depending on the participants' symptom
profile. The results evidenced the effectiveness of the program in improving the
children's social performance, especially boys, although girls showed better
social skills. The protocol was effective when applied with both high and low
fidelity, although more beneficial effects were obtained with high
implementation fidelity. The different self-concept dimensions had a mediating
effect on the intervention's effectiveness. The younger children showed more
severe difficulties and a slower response to treatment. The profile of children with
social anxiety improved their internalizing and externalizing symptomatology to
a greater extent. The third aim was to adapt and validate the SSL program in individual
modality and evaluate its effectiveness in reducing emotional difficulties and
improving the schoolchildren's social behavior. In order to achieve this objective,
two studies were carried out corresponding to Publication 5 and Publication 6,
whose results showed preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of the SSL
individual version in improving children's symptoms of depression, anxiety, and
other difficulties, as well as their social performance (especially in girls).
In conclusion, the findings derived from this Doctoral Thesis have
important implications at the research, clinical and educational levels because:
1) they represent an advance in the understanding of the child and adolescent
mental health; 2) they provide more scientific evidence on the effectiveness of
the transdiagnostic approach to emotional difficulties in children; and 3) they
promote the implementation of an empirically validated intervention in different
modalities and settings for the indicated prevention of children's emotional
problems.
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