Resumen :
La terapia enzimática suicida consiste en dirigir una enzima hacia el tumor y, a
continuación, administrar de forma sistémica un profármaco inocuo que debe ser sustrato
de la enzima y que, al ser procesado por ella, se convertirá en un fármaco anticancerígeno
activo. En este trabajo se ha evaluado ... Ver más
Suicide enzyme therapy consists of targeting an enzyme to the tumor and then,
to administer systemically a harmless prodrug that must be a substrate for the enzyme
and that it will become an active anticancer drug after reacting with it. In this work,
treatment efficacy with the enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) from Rhodotorula
gracilis together with D-alanine against pancreatic carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and
glioblastoma cell lines has been evaluated. DAAO catalyzes D-amino acids’ oxidation,
converting them into alpha-ketoacids and ammonia and generating H2O2, which induces
oxidative stress. Specifically, a chimera has been used, which presents DAAO bound to the
choline-binding domain of the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (CLytA) from
Streptococcus pneumoniae, allowing the enzyme immobilization on supports containing
choline or derivatives, such as diethylaminoethanol (DEAE).
The results of this study demonstrate that CLytA-DAAO induces an
antiproliferative effect in most of the pancreatic carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and
glioblastoma cell lines used. This decrease in cell proliferation is due to a cytotoxic effect
caused by the increase in reactive oxygen species inside the cell, which induces damage
to DNA and plasma membrane as well as a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane
potential. By analyzing the enzyme effect in non-tumor cells, absence or significantly
lower levels of cell death were observed in comparison to tumor cell lines. In addition, the
use of a chimeric DAAO allowed its immobilization on DEAE-functionalized magnetic
nanoparticles, increasing the effect of the treatment by improving the enzyme stability at
37°C. Immobilization in gold nanoparticles and alginate capsules was also studied,
although the cytotoxic effect decreased considerably compared to that observed with the
free enzyme.
Analysis of the cell death mechanisms showed that treatment with CLytA-DAAO
and D-Ala triggers different types of cell death. In pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma cell
lines a regulated necrosis occurs while in glioblastoma cell lines the intrinsic pathway of
apoptosis is activated. Among the different cell lines studied, two of them were resistant to the cytotoxic effect induced by CLytA-DAAO, Hs766T from pancreatic carcinoma and
HT-29 from colorectal carcinoma. By deepening in the mechanism of resistance in both
cell lines, it was observed that it is related to the overexpression of genes involved in
detoxification mechanisms, response to oxidative stress and cell survival. The expression
of these genes was also studied in biopsies from patients with each of the three types of
tumors, and the results suggest that treatment with CLytA-DAAO and D-Ala could be
effective in a high percentage of these patients. In addition, it was shown that the CLytADAAO
enzyme could also be used in combination with either radiotherapy,
chemotherapy, epigenetic therapy, or therapy based on reducing DNA repair, in order to
enhance the effect on patients. In conclusion, the results of this work indicate that
treatment with CLytA-DAAO and D-Ala shows a high potential as an anticancer
therapeutic strategy, both by itself and in combination with other treatments, in patients
with pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma.
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