Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/11000/25542

Síntesis y caracterización de nanopartículas de CdS y PbS con recubrimiento mixto y su influencia en dispositivos optoelectrónicos


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Title:
Síntesis y caracterización de nanopartículas de CdS y PbS con recubrimiento mixto y su influencia en dispositivos optoelectrónicos
Authors:
Rodríguez Mas, Fernando
Tutor:
Fernández de Ávila López, Susana
Ferrer Millán, Juan Carlos
Editor:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Department:
Departamentos de la UMH::Ingeniería de Comunicaciones
Issue Date:
2020-07-03
URI:
http://hdl.handle.net/11000/25542
Abstract:
En esta tesis doctoral se ha analizado la síntesis y caracterización de nanopartículas semiconductoras en suspensión coloidal y en polvo y su influencia en dispositivos optoelectrónicos basados en polímeros orgánicos, tales como las células solares o LEDs orgánicos. Durante las últimas décadas, la ...  Ver más
In this doctoral thesis, the synthesis and characterization of semiconductor nanoparticles in colloidal suspension and powder and its influence on optoelectronic devices has been studied. These devices, such as solar cells or organic LEDs organic, have been based on organic polymers. During the last decades, the scientific community has studied the influence of nanoparticles on devices, because they can confer their properties to solar cells or LEDs, modifying their electrical and optical characteristics. In this thesis, the nanocrystals have modified the emission of LEDs or have increased the efficiency of organic solar cells. The main issue of the nanoparticles is their instability. The high surface-volume ratio results in the nanocrystals growth, where they seek to achieve its minimum energy configuration. Furthermore, the increase in size above the nanometric scale causes the modification of their characteristics and the loss of quatum properties. To avoid this point, organic molecules, which determine the solubility, are used to cover the nanocrystals surface. However, these coatings or ligands have their own electrical characteristics and modify the nanoparticles properties, and therefore, the device attributes where they are embedded. The possibility of performing nanoparticles with more than one ligand to combine the qualities that modify the nanocrystals behaviour motivated the research that has been carried out along this thesis. In order to synthesize nanoparticles with two coatings, two modified synthesis methods were used. The ligands selected were thiophenol and 1-decanethiol, because thiophenol improves the charges transport between nanocrystals and the organic polymer and the 1-decanethiol favours its solubility in common solvents of polymers. The method defined by Herron was the first synthetic route that was studied. Lead sulphide nanoparticles coated with thiophenol and 1-decanethiol were synthetized with a molar ratio [thiophenol]:[1-decanethiol] = [1:4]. In addition, solar cells were manufactured with a P3HT:PCBM polymers blend doped with different quantity of these nanoparticles. As a result, in cells doped with PbS at 25% by weight compared with cells without nanocrystals, the efficiency improves up to 140%. In view of these positive results, we tried to synthesize cadmium sulphide nanoparticles with double ligand by this route. But the results were not satisfactory, because their photoluminescence was not activated. Thence, the correct nanoparticles synthesis cannot be ensured by this method. Furthermore, the sodium sulphide affinity towards humidity environment negatively influences the route of Herron. This fact makes very difficult to control the amount of sulphur necessary for the nanoparticles synthesis. Different procedures for providing sulphur were examined. But the Herron method was not adequate to define a synthesis route of semiconductor nanoparticles with double coatings because the sulphur stoichiometry must be carefully controlled because the nanoparticles size depends on it. During the previous study, imprecisions when calculating the nanoparticles diameter by indirect methods were observed. These issues could be caused by the dependence of the theoretical models to calculate the nanocrystal diameters on the absorption edge of nanoparticles. Similarly, many of these theoretical methods depend on material parameters such as the effective masses of electron and hole. In the literature, different effective mass values can be found for the same material. In order to inquire which is the most reliable method to estimate the nanoparticles size, four different theoretical models were analysed and compared with TEM images. We also assessed the possible problems derived from a poor knowledge of the nanocrystals nature. The theoretical method that best fits the TEM images is the model described by Brus. We find also that all these methods were less precise in energies close to the bulk energy of the material studied. The second route examined to synthetize nanoparticles was one using the thiolates decomposition. Before using two ligands, nanocrystals with only one coating were synthetized. By this method, nanoparticles end up in solution, which is an inconvenience to control the quantum dots that are included in devices, because its concentration is not known with precision. To remove the solvent, nanocrystals were exposed to an evaporation process. This evaporation causes a growth of nanoparticles probably due to broken bonds of some ligands during the process, favouring Ostwald ripening. The heating energy that nanoparticles receive during the evaporation process is enough to bring about a phase transition from cubic to hexagonal crystalline structure for some quantum dots. Subsequently, these evaporated DMSO-free CdS nanocrystals were embedded in PVK-based LEDs and P3HT:PCBM solar cells. In LEDs, the nanoparticles modified the electrical behaviour of devices. They have two different sources of light emission that are related to the CdS nanoparticles. The Gaussian deconvolution of electroluminescence spectrum, the TEM images and the optical characterization allowed to attribute each to one of two types of CdS nanocrystals; zinc-cubic and hexagonal wurzite structure, respectively. Simultaneous electroluminescence from cubic and hexagonal nanocrystals inserted in a LED device was observed. Solar cells doped with CdS powder increased in all the electrical parameters of devices, improving efficiency more than 300%. In addition, the cells experienced a temporary evolution which was also studied. CdS nanoparticles in powder were successfully synthesized by the thiolates decomposition method, but with a single ligand. To add the second coating, as a possible procedure, the nanocrystals were submerged in a chemical bath where the second ligand was dissolved. After these baths, CdS NPs coated with thiophenol and 1-decanethiol ligands were obtained. PVK LEDs with these nanoparticles were manufactured. Their electrical behaviour was similar to LEDs with CdS with thiophenol only ligand. Regarding the electroluminescence of LEDs with CdS NPs, those with two coatings, have a higher relative intensity emission with respect to PVK peak than nanoparticles coated with thiophenol exclusively. Regarding solar cells, the inclusion of quantum dots with both coatings showed no improvements. Using the synthesis method: thiolate decomposition, evaporation process and chemical bath for the second ligand, PbS nanoparticles with thiophenol and 1- decanethiol were also synthesized. Besides, they were successfully added to solar cells. Moreover, solar cells doped with nanoparticles with thiophenol were manufactured. The PbS, with an only ligand, improved the parameters of devices, except for the fill factor that suffered a small decrease. Instead, solar cells embedding PbS NPs with mixed ligands did not show improvements compared to the reference. Finally, PVK-based LEDs were doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). rGO was included in the PEDOT:PSS layer. rGO doping was added, in different proportions, to check its influence on the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of the devices. rGO did not affect the photoluminescent properties or optical absorption of PEDOT:PSS. PVK devices doped with rGO showed differences in its electrical behaviour with respect to LEDs without rGO, where threshold voltage decreased and the current density was generally increased. LEDs doped with rGO and CdS NPs coated with thiophenol were also manufactured. These LEDs presented modifications in its electrical parameters. However, these modifications could not be attributed to the influence of the rGO or the nanoparticles. Electroluminescence was also affected by the inclusion of rGO. In summary, a synthesis route for nanoparticles coated with two different ligands was developed. This route consists in the application of decomposition thiolate method followed by an evaporation process, so that the DMSO solvent where the nanocrystals end up was eliminated. Finally, the second ligand was added to the surface of the quantum dots by chemical baths. Optoelectronic devices doped with these nanoparticles were also studied.
Keywords/Subjects:
energía solar
física
estado sólido
dispositivos semiconductores
Knowledge area:
CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Ingeniería. Tecnología
Type of document:
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Access rights:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
Appears in Collections:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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