Resumen :
Técnicas de imagen cerebral no invasivas, como la resonancia magnética funcional
(fMRI), nos permiten estudiar las funciones cognitivas en los seres humanos, pero al mismo
tiempo, están surgiendo como potentes herramientas de diagnóstico para los trastornos
neurológicos y psiquiátricos. A pesar ... Ver más
Non-invasive brain imaging techniques, as functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI), allow us to study cognitive functions in humans, but at the same time, they are
emerging as powerful diagnostic tools for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite
their importance, the physiological and cellular mechanisms underlying fMRI signal
generation are not well understood. Astrocytes are well known since Santiago Ramón y
Cajal's work to be located in tight contact between neurons and brain blood vessels and due to
its strategic positioning they were consider as putative transductors of neuronal activity into
vascular responses. With the concept of the tripartite synapse at the end of the 90's a renewed
interest emerged on understanding the contribution of astrocytes to neurotransmission and
synaptic plasticity (Araque et al.,1999). Proportionally less attention has received its role in
regulating vascular responses to neuronal activity, the so called neuro-vascular coupling. In
2003, Zonta et al., showed in vitro that after synaptic activation astrocytes uptake extracellular
glutamate initiating calcium signaling cascade that finally translated into arteriole dilation. In
2006, Metea and Newman showed that an inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) injection into
astrocytes, that mobilize calcium from intracellular stores, is enough to dilate artificially
constricted vessels in retina slices. These findings, together with previous evidence
demonstrating the important role of IP3-dependent calcium signaling in astrocytes for
neuronal transmission and plasticity, supported the hypothesis that astrocytes, indeed, were
playing a key role in neurovascular coupling. An important caveat of these studies, however,
is that they were mainly performed in vitro, experimental conditions in which the energy
metabolic substrates are provided ad libitum in the artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the
vascular system is devoid of pressure and function. Consequently, it appears necessary to
study neuro-glio-vascular coupling in vivo. To this end, genetically modified mice for the
subtype 2 of the IP3 receptor (specific for astrocytes) have been created.
We used fMRI and Blood Oxygenated Level Dependent (BOLD) signal, which
permits to visualize neuronal activation through local hyperemia, during electrical Perforant
Path stimulation. In parallel, we measure Local Field Potential within the hippocampus during
the very same stimulation. We found that IP3 dependent calcium waves in astrocytes are not
necessary to neurovascular coupling, nor to initiate the vasodilation neither to maintain it.
More surprisingly, we found that synaptic transmission in IP3R2 KO mice hippocampus is
slightly weaken during a long stimulation. These results suggest that neurovascular coupling 14
is mediated by a mechanism independent of astrocyte internal calcium stores in vivo. These
same calcium stores probably play a role in synaptic strength, maybe by decreasing uptake
and/or release of neuro or gliotransmitters.
Key words: neurovascular coupling, astrocytes, fMRI, Inositol triphosphate, Local Field
Potentials
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