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Traslación clínica de la farmacogenética en el manejo del dolor crónico

2026-03-05T02:07:23Z

Título : Traslación clínica de la farmacogenética en el manejo del dolor crónico Autor : Serrano-Gadea, Noelia; Zorrilla-Muñoz, Vanessa; Peiró, Ana M. Resumen : El dolor crónico supone una epidemia silenciosa, afecta a 1 de cada 5 personas adultas en Europa. Este hecho convive con el abuso que realizan algunos pacientes de los medicamentos analgésicos, circunstancia que está limitando su prescripción en el dolor crónico no oncológico. Un desafío clave es identificar, mediante variables objetivas a las personas pacientes que podrían beneficiarse de una mejor respuesta analgésica con menor riesgo de eventos adversos. Los estudios de asociación de todo el genoma y de genes candidatos sugieren que, a través de evaluar las variaciones en la secuencia de ADN, se podría entender parte de las diferentes respuestas analgésicas individuales. De este modo, las variantes genéticas o polimorfismos podrían modificar la farmacodinamia (es decir, el receptor opioide mu, OPRM1, para el caso de morfina y fentanilo) y la farmacocinética (es decir, fenotipos metabólicos CYP2D6 para codeína, tramadol y oxicodona) alterando la efectividad, requerimiento de dosis, el perfil de seguridad o incluso, la vulnerabilidad a ciertos eventos adversos desde los más frecuentes, como cognitivos o gastrointestinales, a los más graves como el trastorno por consumo de opioides de prescripción. Este capítulo proporciona un resumen de estas variantes candidatas para la traducción del genotipo en información clínicamente útil y aplicable en el campo de la farmacología del dolor. Estas variantes con potencialidad clínica deberán ser validadas, junto con otros factores como la polimedicación, comorbilidades, edad o incluso el sexo, a través de ensayos clínicos para proporcionar una comprensión de cómo incorporarlas en el uso rutinario. El objetivo es integrar estas variables en la práctica clínica para mejorar la eficacia analgésica y la seguridad, reduciendo el impacto del dolor crónico en los pacientes y su entorno. Todo con el fin de mejorar la seguridad farmacológica de los tratamientos y la efectividad analgésica, reduciendo el impacto del dolor en la vida de pacientes.

Elemento prefabricado para la construcción y método asociado

2026-02-20T02:08:05Z

Título : Elemento prefabricado para la construcción y método asociado Autor : Flores Yepes, José Antonio

Estimation of soil coverage of chopped pruning residues in olive orchards by image analysis

2026-02-13T02:09:30Z

Título : Estimation of soil coverage of chopped pruning residues in olive orchards by image analysis Autor : Jiménez Jiménez, F.; Blanco Roldán, G. L.; Márquez García, F.; Castro García, S.; Agüera Vega, J. Resumen : Residue chopping from orchard pruning is becoming a common practice in conservation agriculture after the establishment of eco-conditionality policies in the European Union. This type of residue is used to protect the soil from erosion and improve the water balance and fertility of soils by improving the organic matter content. However, no studies have evaluated the influence of pruning residues and size on soil coverage. This study examines the effect of different treatments on pruning residue soil coverage in an olive orchard (cv. Picual). Treatments consisted of two quantities of pruning residues, specifically, high (2.04 kg m-2) and low (1.02 kg m-2), and two chopping speeds, low (2.4 km h-1) and high (3.2 km h-1). The different treatments were evaluated by image analysis and pixel counting to determine the soil cover percentage, size, number and distribution of the pruning residues after chopping. After chopping, the soil cover percentage was 39% higher in the high quantity pruning residue treatments but was not significantly influenced by the chopping speed. The size and number of lignified residues was quantified via pixel counting. In the high quantity pruning residue treatments, the number of large lignified residues (> 6 cm2) was higher, and the number of pruning residues smaller than 2 cm2 was lower, when compared with low quantity pruning residue treatments. The high chopping speed treatments produced more smaller-sized pruning residues.

Isolation of table olive damage causes and bruise time evolution during fruit detachment with trunk shaker

2026-02-13T02:09:28Z

Título : Isolation of table olive damage causes and bruise time evolution during fruit detachment with trunk shaker Autor : Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Castro García, Sergio; Blanco Roldan, G. L.; González Sánchez, E. J.; Gil Ribes, J. A. Resumen : The high sensitivity of table olives to mechanical damage limits mechanical harvesting with trunk shakers. The objective of this study was the identification, evaluation and temporal evolution assessment of the sources of damage caused to the fruits. To do this, digital image analysis was used for the objective determination of damage produced to table olives. Harvesting tests were performed in an intensive olive orchard with trees of the ‘Manzanilla’ variety in Seville, Spain. Mechanical harvesting with trunk shakers and subsequent detachment of the fruits to the ground produced a level of interference 12 times greater than the levels obtained from manual harvesting. Fruit-fruit and fruit-branch impacts and friction from the movement of the fruit in the tree canopy during vibration and detachment were the main causes of damage to the fruits. These causes represented a mean value of 60% of the damage produced to the fruits from mechanical harvesting. In addition, most bruising from mechanical damage occurred in the first hour after harvesting and followed an exponential tendency. The information obtained about table olive damage causes and bruise time evolution during fruit detachment with trunk shaker can be used by the producers to determine how to reduce and prevent bruising during harvesting operations.

Non-destructive determination of impact bruising on table olives using Vis–NIR spectroscopy

2026-02-13T02:09:31Z

Título : Non-destructive determination of impact bruising on table olives using Vis–NIR spectroscopy Autor : Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Castro García, Sergio; Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L.; Agüera Vega, Juan; Gil Ribes, Jesús A. Resumen : Bruise damage on table olives is the main factor that reduces fruit quality and leads to a severe loss of product during harvesting and postharvest handling operations. The Manzanilla cultivar is the most important table olive variety and it is also very susceptible to the formation of bruises. In this study, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to detect bruise damage on fruit with different absorbed impact energy levels (low ¼ 13 2 mJ, medium ¼ 27 2 mJ and high ¼ 58 7 mJ). The visible spectral region of 535e680 nm was used to distinguish between undamaged and damaged fruit for qualitative analysis. The greater differences in reflectance in the near-infrared region of 700e950 nm enabled a good quantitative analysis by distinguishing between the different impact energy levels. Modified partial least square models were developed to determine the bruise volume in damaged fruits and the absorbed energy during impact. Good fits (r2 ¼ 0.87e0.90) were obtained between the values predicted by visible and near infrared spectroscopy and the values measured in laboratory by the reference methods for bruise volume and absorbed impact energy.

Table olive cultivar susceptibility to impact bruising

2026-02-13T02:09:29Z

Título : Table olive cultivar susceptibility to impact bruising Autor : Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Castro García, Sergio; Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L.; Ferguson, Louise; Rosa, Uriel A.; Gil Ribes, Jesús A. Resumen : Developing mechanical harvesting for table olives will require decreasing fruit damage during harvest and postharvest handling, transport and storage. The susceptibility to bruising and its development over time were studied in three table olive varieties, cv. ‘Manzanilla’, ‘Gordal Sevillana’ and ‘Hojiblanca’. Bruising was produced with controlled energy impacts of 56, 26, 13 mJ. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.77–0.90) between bruise volume and impact energy was demonstrated. Bruise susceptibility was higher in the Manzanilla variety, followed by Hojiblanca and Gordal Sevillana cultivars. Bruise time evolution was evaluated using a spectrophotometer for visible and near infrared regions. A bruise index was developed using different wavelengths, 545, 670 and 800 nm. Most darkening due to the browning process happened within 1 h, was exponential and dependent on impact energy level. The discoloration was greatest in the Manzanilla, followed by Hojiblanca and Gordal Sevillana olives.

Traditional olive tree response to oil olive harvesting technologies

2026-02-13T02:09:28Z

Título : Traditional olive tree response to oil olive harvesting technologies Autor : Sola Guirado, Rafael R.; Castro García, Sergio; Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L.; Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Castillo Ruiz, Francisco J.; Gil Ribes, Jesús A. Resumen : Traditional olive tree growing is a symbol of the Mediterranean basin agriculture. Technological development of this mostly rainfed crop has been reduced and related with employment in rural areas. In order to improve the harvesting process of this crop, this study analyses the available technologies used for fruit detachment and the introduction of a continuous harvesting system, based on a tractor-drawn canopy shaker, to work around the large canopy trees. Results showed that harvest efficiency of mass mechanical systems, such as a trunk shaker (90.5%) and canopy shaker (78.8%), was lower than that of manual harvesting and hand-held harvesting systems (98%). However, these last systems led to high debris production because they mainly extend the harvest time to increase harvest efficiency. Canopy shaker system applied the forced vibration directly to the fruit-bearing branches. This characteristic recognised that vibration transmission plays a less important role on the fruit detachment process. The continuous harvesting process around the large canopy trees in traditional olive orchards enabled relatively high harvest efficiency values to be achieved, considering the trees were not adapted to mechanical harvesting. High harvesting efficiency values were obtained mainly where the rods were in contact with the canopy. An adaptation of the tree through pruning is required to avoid large irregularities in the tree canopy, reduce fruiting inside the canopy that is unreachable by the canopy shaker rods and facilitate the penetration of the rods into the canopy in order to achieve higher harvest efficiency values.

Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process

2026-02-13T02:09:27Z

Título : Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process Autor : Castillo Ruiz, Francisco J.; Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L.; Sola Guirado, Rafael R.; Agüera Vega, Juan; Castro García, Sergio Resumen : Olive fruit production and oil quality distribution with respect to canopy distribution are important criteria for selection and improvement of mechanical harvesting methods. Tests were performed in a high-density olive orchard (Olea europea L., cv. Arbequina) in southern Spain. Fruit distribution, fruit properties and oil parameters were measured by taken separate samples for each canopy location and tree. Results showed a high percentage of fruits and oil located in the middle-outer and upper canopy, representing more than 60% of total production. The position of these fruits along with their higher weight per fruit, maturity index and polyphenol content make them the target for all mechanical harvesting systems. The fruits from the lower canopy represented close to 30% of fruit and oil production, however, the mechanical harvesting of these fruits is inefficient for mechanical harvesting systems. Whether these fruits cannot be properly harvested, enhance tree training to raise their position is recommended. Fruits located inside the canopy are not a target location for mechanical harvesting systems as they were a small percentage of the total fruit (<10%). Significant differences were found for polyphenol content with respect to canopy height, although this was not the case with acidity. In addition, the ripening index did not influence polyphenol content and acidity values within the canopy. Fruit production, properties and oil quality varied depending on fruit canopy position. Thus harvesting systems may be targeted at maximize harvesting efficiency including an adequate tree training system adapted to the harvesting system.

Effect of Fruit Properties on Pomegranate Bruising

2026-02-12T02:11:25Z

Título : Effect of Fruit Properties on Pomegranate Bruising Autor : Mohammad Shafie, Mohammad; Rajabipour, Ali; Castro García, Sergio; Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Mobli, Hossein Resumen : Pomegranate fruit quality is adversely affected by bruise damage. Bruises are formed by a variety ofstatic loads and dynamic impacts on the fruit when it strikes any other object during handling, sorting,packaging, or transportation. In order to be able to reduce this damage, it is necessary to ascertain theinﬂuence of fruit properties on bruise susceptibility. An experimental study was performed with varyingstorage time, temperature, and impact region. In these experiments, pomegranates were dropped fromthree heights onto a ﬂat aluminum surface. Signiﬁcant effects on bruising in relation to storage time, tem-perature, impact region, and their interactions were found (p < 0.05). It was concluded that higher fruittemperature, ﬁrmness, and peel thickness reduced bruise damage to the pomegranate fruit. Moreover,storage time and increased radius of curvature increased the bruise volume and bruise area, respectively

Suitability of Spanish ‘Manzanilla’ table olive orchards for trunk shaker harvesting

2026-02-12T02:11:24Z

Título : Suitability of Spanish ‘Manzanilla’ table olive orchards for trunk shaker harvesting Autor : Castro García, Sergio; Castillo Ruiz, Francisco J.; Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco; Gil Ribes, Jesús A.; Blanco Roldan, Gregorio L. Resumen : Low harvesting efficiency and fruit damage are the main limitations for trunk shakers in the harvesting of table olives. Different cultivations of olive orchards, variations in the fruit properties over the harvesting season, and a wide range of machines both characterise and hamper the harvesting process in several traditional olive producing countries, such as Spain. The aim of the work reported was to develop the mechanical harvesting of existing orchards using commercial trunk shakers maximising the quantity of harvested fruit while maintaining its quality. Results showed that the mean value of harvesting efficiency with trunk shakers was 74%, when additional rod beating or abscission agents were not applied. In orchards where the trees were trained into shapes that facilitated the transmission of vibration, fruit properties had a limited effect on harvesting efficiency. In order to achieve harvesting efficiency >85%, tree trunk vibration parameters were set above an acceleration value of 183.4 m s 2 , and at a frequency of 28.1 Hz. Although increasing the trunk acceleration improved harvesting efficiency, it led to an increase in damage to the harvested fruit. Damage caused to the fruit through mechanical harvesting was 3.5 times greater than the damage caused by manual harvesting. Adjusting the vibration parameters, limiting the power of the machine, training the canopy to reduce volume and facilitating the vibration transmission to the fruit, together with effective post-harvest field treatments that maintain the fruit quality, are all required to ensure the success of vibration harvesting systems for green olives.