A conditional machine learning classification approach for spatio-temporal risk assessment of crime data

Abstract

Crime data analysis is an essential source of information to aid social and political decisions makers regarding the allocation of public security resources. Computer-aided dispatch systems and technological advances in geographic information systems have made analysing and visualising historical spatial and temporal records of crimes a vital part of police operations and strategy. We look at our motivating crime problem as a spatio-temporal point pattern. Using a conditional approach based on properties of Poisson point processes, we transform the spatio-temporal point process prediction problem into a classification problem. We create spatio-temporal handcrafted features to link future and past events and use machine learning algorithms to learn behavioural patterns from the data. The fitted model is then used to carry out the reverse transformation, i.e. to perform spatio-temporal risk predictions based on the outcomes of the classification problem. Our procedure has theoretical formalism from point process theory and gains flexibility and computational efficiency inherited from the machine learning field. We show its performance under some simulated scenarios and a real application to spatio-temporal prediction and risk assessment of homicides in Bogota, Colombia.