Development of a dual-analyte fluorescent sensor for the determination of bioactive nitrite and selenite in water samples

Abstract

Nitrite and selenium are two bioactive compounds found in the environment which show beneficial effects for health at low levels but have toxic effects at higher doses. Consequently, quantification of both analytes in water samples results of great interest in areas such as biomedicine, food technology and environmental analysis. In a recent paper, we immobilized the inclusion complex formed between 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and 2-hydroxypropyl- -cyclodextrin (HP- -CD) in a sol–gel matrix, in order to prepare a highly sensitive reagentless fluorescence-based sensor for the specific measurement of nitrite. Here we have explored the possibility of using the sol–gel immobilized complex to quantify selenite (Se (IV)), the more toxic form of selenium, as well as to act as a dual-analyte chemical sensor for simultaneous quantification of both nitrite and selenite in aqueous samples. Results show that (a) inclusion of DAN in HP- -CD and its subsequent immobilization in a sol–gel matrix do not modify the reactivity ofDANagainst selenite, (b) the reaction product formed (4,5-benzopiazselenol) remains into the cyclodextrin increasing considerably its fluorescence quantum yield and avoiding, therefore, its extraction into organic solvents, (c) the developed sensor can detect selenite concentrations at submicromolar level with a minimum detection limit of 13 nM, (d) the immobilized systemis able to simultaneously quantify nitrite and selenite at submicromolar concentrations in natural water samples with no further sample pre-treatment.