Abstract:
El cáncer es un conjunto de enfermedades caracterizadas por un crecimiento descontrolado de células defectuosas que invaden tejidos circundantes y pueden propagarse a otros órganos. Este documento se centra en dos tipos de cáncer del sistema nervioso central: el astrocitoma y el glioblastoma. El as... Ver más
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of defective cells that invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other organs. This document focuses on two types of central nervous system cancer: astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Astrocytoma, originating from astrocytic cells, is classified based on malignancy, with Grade I and Grade II being less aggressive and having a better prognosis, while Grade III and Grade IV are more aggressive. On the other hand, glioblastoma is an astrocytic cancer that affects specific glial cells and is one of the most common and malignant brain tumors in adults, associated with a high mortality rate and significant limitations in diagnosis and treatment.
The symptoms of these tumors include seizures, neurological deficits, headaches, nausea, and cognitive changes. Diagnosis is carried out through anamnesis, imaging studies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT), as well as biopsy followed by molecular and genetic analysis. Standard treatment combines surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide, though side effects often limit its use. Other drugs used include nitrosoureas and bevacizumab, which also present limitations such as treatment resistance, low tolerance, or toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to develop therapeutic approaches targeting specific molecular markers, such as FGFRs (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors), which regulate cell growth and angiogenesis, to improve treatment efficacy.
The fibroblast growth factor receptors are tyrosine kinase protein structures that regulate cell proliferation and survival. Their overactivation has been linked to uncontrolled tumor growth and treatment resistance. In cancers such as glioblastoma, FGFR1 is often overexpressed, which is associated with increased aggressiveness and resistance to conventional therapies. FGFR2 and FGFR3 are also involved, though less frequently; these proteins interact with key signaling pathways that influence tumor growth and progression. Drugs such as anlotinib have shown partial results in studies, and others, like CYY292 and Fexagratinib, are in the study phase with promising results, though challenges regarding toxicity and efficacy remain. Research continues to focus on improving these treatments while overcoming issues of resistance and drug penetrability.
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