Resumen :
INTRODUCCIÓN: La contaminación por plásticos es uno de los mayores desafíos para nuestra sociedad. Se ha demostrado la presencia y transporte de microplásticos a través de la atmósfera, así como su potencial efecto adverso sobre la salud humana en modelos animales e in vitro. Pero se desconoce la p... Ver más
INTRODUCTION: Plastic pollution poses one of the greatest challenges to our society. The presence and transport of microplastics through the atmosphere have been demonstrated, along with their potential adverse effects on human health in animal models and in vitro. However, the possibility of their presence in the lower airway remains unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze, if detected, the presence of microplastics (ranging from 0.1 micrometer to 5 millimeters) in samples from the lower airway obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and evaluate their possible association with exposures or pathological processes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples were obtained from consecutive adult patients during bronchoscopy performed as clinically indicated in the Pulmonology Department of the General University Hospital of Elche between March 1 and September 31, 2021, with standard bioethical guarantees. Sample analysis was conducted at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena: microfiber observation was performed using a trinocular microscope, polymer determination using μ-FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). Various controls were implemented during sample collection and in the laboratory to assess potential contamination from external fibers.
RESULTS: A total of 44 patients were included, of whom 32 (73%) were male. The mean age was 62.8 years (± 1.73). The majority (38) were smokers or ex-smokers with a mean cumulative consumption of 32 packs/year. Microplastics were detected in 30 (68%) of the analyzed samples. 94% of the isolated microplastics were fibers. The average size of the microfibers found was 1.73 ± 0.15 mm. The predominantly identified compounds in the fibers were rayon (40%), polyester (19%), cellulose (17%), and cotton (14%). A statistically significant higher concentration of microplastics was found in women, participants over 60 years old, individuals working in occupations at risk of inhaling contaminants, and active smokers. Furthermore, we observed that patients with higher concentrations of microplastics in BAL samples more frequently presented radiological alterations in chest TC scans (F-value = 9.113, p < 0.001), a higher rate of pathogenic microbiological growth (F-value = 11.034, p = 0.001), and worse lung function: inverse correlation between microfiber concentration and FEV1 parameters (Pearson's r = -0.598, p < 0.001) and FVC (Pearson's r = -0.355, p = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study reporting the presence of microplastics in human lower respiratory tracts detected with μ-FTIR and SEM-EDS analysis in BAL samples. The presence of microplastics was a frequent finding in the studied population, particularly in certain groups such as smokers, women, and individuals engaged in some occupations, which could help identify risk exposures. It was also prevalent in individuals over 60 years old, suggesting an accumulative effect, implying that microplastics may persist in the human airway for extended periods. Additionally, the association between the concentration of these microfibers and various pathological findings alerts us that exposure to atmospheric microplastics could have significant consequences for respiratory health.
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