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Valorización de ingredientes bioactivos del azafrán y sus subproductos florales para aplicarlos en la elaboración de alimentos funcionales


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Título :
Valorización de ingredientes bioactivos del azafrán y sus subproductos florales para aplicarlos en la elaboración de alimentos funcionales
Autor :
Cerdá-Bernad, Débora  
Tutor:
FRUTOS FERNANDEZ, MARIA JOSE  
VALERO-CASES, ESTEFANÍA  
Editor :
Universidad Miguel Hernández
Fecha de publicación:
2024-05-24
URI :
https://hdl.handle.net/11000/34067
Resumen :
El azafrán (Crocus sativus L.) se utiliza principalmente como condimento alimentario por sus características organolépticas relacionadas con sus propiedades colorantes, saborizantes y aromatizantes. Tradicionalmente, el azafrán también se ha utilizado en medicina para tratar diversas enfermedades p...  Ver más
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is used as a spice for its organoleptic characteristics related to its coloring and flavoring properties. Traditionally, saffron has also been used in medicine to treat several diseases for its beneficial effects on health. Crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal are the main chemical components responsible for these effects due to their antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antidegenerative properties, among others. For the saffron production, only the floral stigmas are used which, after a drying process, give rise to the spice. The rest of the flower is discarded as waste. Thus, the current system is generating several hundred tons of floral waste, since to obtain 1 Kg of saffron spice there are needed about 230,000 flowers (≈350 Kg of tepals), representing a huge lack of profitability and sustainability. However, recent studies have shown that saffron floral by-products, such as tepals, are rich in bioactive compounds. Therefore, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is to value both saffron and its floral by-products through their use as a source of bioactive extracts, in addition to their application as high-added value ingredients to develop new functional food products, so that they become a more profitable and sustainable agronomic resource. In order to achieve this aim, saffron and its floral by-products have been characterized at the physical-chemical and functional level, presenting a high content in fiber, glucose, fructose, lactic and malic acids, minerals, mainly K, Ca and Mg, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, being the linoleic acid the major one. They also showed a high concentration in polyphenols and high antioxidant properties. In saffron stigmas, 25 volatile compounds were found, being safranal the most relevant and 55 volatile compounds in saffron floral by-products, highlighting the content of acetic acid and 2(5H)-furanone. To minimize the environmental impact of commonly used organic solvents and to improve extraction efficiency, environmentally friendly technologies were applied for the extraction of bioactive compounds, such as microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES). The extracts were characterized, showing saffron and its floral by-products a high concentration of total phenolic and flavonoids compounds and a high antioxidant activity. The NaDES-extracts were stabilized by their incorporation into chitosan/alginate hydrogels, remaining stable the total phenolic content after the oral and gastrointestinal in vitro digestion. For their application in food, both dried saffron floral by-products and the encapsulated aqueous extracts of saffron and its floral by-products with sodium alginate, were used to enrich different food matrices (yogurts, bread, beverages). The results showed that yogurt formulations enriched with encapsulated saffron extracts allowed the proper fermentation, improving their antioxidant and functional properties that remained stable during 21 days of refrigerated storage. The results of the addition of dried saffron floral by-products at 10% on the formulation of traditional wheat and spelt breads increased their dietary fiber and mineral composition, and significantly improved their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, that remained stable during the oral and gastrointestinal in vitro digestion process. From the sensory point of view, the incorporation of saffron floral by-products modified the organoleptic properties of breads, affecting their cohesiveness, interrupting the gluten network. As for the model beverages based on dried saffron floral by-products, they presented a rich content in phenolic compounds, mainly flavonols such as kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin derivatives. In conclusion, this Doctoral Thesis represents an important advance providing novel information for the use of saffron and its floral by-products as promising natural sources for the development of functional ingredients with new applications in the food industry. Both their valorization through the development of sustainable ingredients to be used in the development of new foods, and the application of green extraction technologies in their production, will generate positive economic impacts for the saffron industry and will contribute to the minimization of the environmental impact, making saffron production more profitable and sustainable
Notas:
Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroambientales y Alimentarias
Palabras clave/Materias:
Alimentos funcionales
Alimentos funcionales
Compuestos bioactivos
Tipo de documento :
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Derechos de acceso:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
Aparece en las colecciones:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



Creative Commons La licencia se describe como: Atribución-NonComercial-NoDerivada 4.0 Internacional.