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https://hdl.handle.net/11000/34066
Optimización del compostaje de residuos agropecuarios para la recuperación de la energía calórica del proceso y empleo agrícola de los compost obtenidos
Título : Optimización del compostaje de residuos agropecuarios para la recuperación de la energía calórica del proceso y empleo agrícola de los compost obtenidos |
Autor : Valverde Orozco, Víctor Hugo ![]() |
Tutor: Paredes, Concepcion ![]() Gavilanes Terán, Irene ![]() |
Editor : Universidad Miguel Hernández |
Fecha de publicación: 2024-06-26 |
URI : https://hdl.handle.net/11000/34066 |
Resumen : El manejo inadecuado inadecuado de los residuos agropecuarios a nivel mundial está causando varios problemas ambientales. En Ecuador, la agricultura y ganadería, actividades que sustentan la economía, generan grandes cantidades de residuos con consecuencias medioambientales negativas si su gestión ... Ver más The inadequate management of agro-livestock waste worldwide is causing several environmental problems. In Ecuador, agriculture and livestock farming, activities that sustain the economy, generate large amounts of waste with negative environmental consequences if they are not managed properly. At present, the management of agro-livestock waste and its disposal are causing water and soil contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. One of the factors contributing to this phenomenon is the nature of agricultural practices carried out by small farmers belonging to the rural population, who lack the knowledge and resources to manage the waste generated properly, and weak legislation that does not control these practices. Therefore, it is necessary to implement sustainable management strategies for the treatment of these wastes, such as composting. This method is considered an effective, low-tech and economical option for organic waste management. During the composting process, heat is released as a by-product of microbial metabolism, which can be recovered to provide thermal energy, and also this process produces a sanitised and stabilised product with fertiliser capacity called compost. In addition, the composting process can be optimised by various technologies focusing on the aeration system employed. Therefore, based on the aforementioned considerations, the general objective of this doctoral thesis was to optimise the composting process of agro-livestock waste in Ecuador to take advantage of the caloric energy generated during the process and produce high quality compost with potential use as organic amendment of agricultural soils. In this way, it is expected to reduce the environmental impact of agro-livestock waste generated in the country, transforming them into resources with energy and agronomic value, contributing to sustainable development and the circular economy. To achieve this objective, a study was first conducted on the main crops, livestock species and agro-livestock residues produced in a rural Ecuadorian area, such as the Parish of San Andres. Subsequently, mixtures of several of these wastes were optimised for co-composting and different aeration systems (passive, turnings and combination of turnings and forced aeration) were evaluated in the production of compost, studying their stability and maturity, nutrient and heavy metal content, economic value of the nutrients, energy comsumption and CO2 emissions. Also, heat recovery during the thermophilic stage of composting was evaluated by using a heat exchanger located in the central part of the pile. Finally, the effect of the aplicaton of agro-livestock compost on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production was evaluated, comparing it with mineral fertilisers and manure, and the net income from the production of this crop was calculated according to the treatment used. The results obtained showed that the agro-livestock residues analysed in the selected rural agricultural zone showed positive characteristics for composting, such as adequate pH values, notalbe contents of organic matter and macro and micronutrients, and very low contents of heavy metals. However, these residues presented inadequate values of organic carbon/total nitrogen ration for the beginning of the composting process and some wastes presented high salinity and high presence of soluble anons and polyphenols, with a marked phytotoxic effect. For this reason, the composting strategy designed for these wastes was the co-composting of several wastes in the appropiate proportions and the unitary composting of only one of the wastes studied was avoided. Regarding the aeraton systems used to co-compost the agro-livestock wastes studied, no significant differences were found in the quality of the compost obtained when passive aeration or turning was used, while the use of the combined aeration system of turning with forced aeraton resulted in composts with a higher content of organic matter and nutrients, giving them a higher marketable value, and a higher energy consumption and associated CO2 emissions than when the aeration system with only turning was used. Regarding the amount of energy recovered from the agro-livestock waste composting system, 14,528 W or 0.105 MJ of thermal energy per kg of initial dry matter was recovered, without negatively affecting the qualilty of the compost obtained, demonstrating that composting these wastes can be a sustainable alternative to produce descentralized thermal energy for domestic use. Finally, the use of compost made from agro-livestock residues as an organic fertiliser in alfalfa crop had positive effects on soil fertility, such as an increase in organic matter and nutrient content (especially N and K), and on the production of this crop compared to other fertilisation treatments (mineral fertiliser and manure). Also, it was observed that the increase in alfalfa production with this type of compost compensated the compost production costs, thus achieving the highest net income compared to the other treatments studied. Thus, the composting of agro-livestock wastes is shown as a viable method to manage these residues, obtain sustainable thermal energy and produce compost of adequate agricultural quality. These composts can be reintegrated into the crop cycles that originated the wastes, contributing to close the agro-livestock production cycles, obtaining greater profitability and sustainable development within a circular economy framework. |
Notas: Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroambientales y Alimentarias |
Palabras clave/Materias: Compostaje Energía calórica Residuos agropecuarios Tratamiento de residuos orgánicos |
Tipo de documento : info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
Derechos de acceso: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional |
Aparece en las colecciones: Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías |
La licencia se describe como: Atribución-NonComercial-NoDerivada 4.0 Internacional.