Portable Alkaline Phosphatase–Hydrogel Platform: From Enzyme Characterization to Phosphate Sensing

Abstract

Here, we present a study on the incorporation and characterization of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) into a three-dimensional polymeric network through a green protocol to obtain transparent hydrogels (ALP@AETA) that can be stored at room temperature and potentially used as a disposable biosensor platform for the rapid detection of ALP inhibitors. For this purpose, different strategies for the immobilization of ALP in the hydrogel were examined and the properties of the new material, compared to the hydrogel in the absence of enzyme, were studied. The conformation and stability of the immobilized enzyme were characterized by monitoring the changes in its intrinsic fluorescence as a function of temperature, in order to study the unfolding/folding process inside the hydrogel, inherently related to the enzyme activity. The results show that the immobilized enzyme retains its activity, slightly increases its thermal stability and can be stored as a xerogel at room temperature without losing its properties. A small portion of a few millimeters of ALP@AETA xerogel was sufficient to perform enzymatic activity inhibition assays, so as a proof of concept, the device was tested as a portable optical biosensor for the detection of phosphate in water with satisfactory results. Given the good stability of the ALP@AETA xerogel and the interesting applications of ALP, not only in the environmental field but also as a therapeutic enzyme, we believe that this study could be of great use for the development of new devices for sensing and protein delivery.