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Investigating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies and its sexual dimorphism using an in vitro preclinical pain model


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Título :
Investigating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies and its sexual dimorphism using an in vitro preclinical pain model
Autor :
Villalba Riquelme, Eva María
Tutor:
Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio  
Editor :
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Departamento:
Departamentos de la UMH::Bioquímica y Biología Molecular
Fecha de publicación:
2023-05-31
URI :
https://hdl.handle.net/11000/30024
Resumen :
El dolor crónico es uno de los problemas de salud con mayor incidencia en la sociedad actual. En el caso de los pacientes con cáncer, el dolor producido por los tratamientos quimioterapéuticos es tan severo que se considera uno de los principales efectos adversos por el cual deben reducir o incluso...  Ver más
Chronic pain is one of the health problems with a stronger incidence in society. In the case of cancer patients, the pain evoked by chemotherapeutic agents can be so severe that it is considered one of the major adverse effects by which they have to reduce or even stop their treatment, compromising the survival and quality of life of these patients. This pain evolves as a consequence of the peripheral neuropathy induced by the chemotherapy (CIPN). Thanks to numerous studies performed at clinical and preclinical levels, it is well-known that this neuropathy is produced by the alteration of the activity of the neurons of the peripheral nervous system responsible of sending noxious signals, known as nociceptors. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying the generation and maintenance of the pain symptoms remain unknown. Due to this lack of knowledge, nowadays there is no effective treatment approved for alleviating this pain. To address this issue, the present doctoral thesis was designed with the aim of investigating the functional and molecular mechanisms implicated in the sensitization produced by two of the most common chemotherapeutic agents: paclitaxel and oxaliplatin. The first objective consisted of developing a preclinical in vitro model that allowed to investigate prolonged exposures of sensory neurons to chemotherapeutic agents and studying the time course of the algesic effect. For this task, we established and characterized a long-term cell culture of rat DRG nociceptors that could survive up to 10 days in vitro. Then, the effects of the direct exposure to paclitaxel and oxaliplatin on the cultured nociceptors were investigated. As a result of the model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, we observed a reversible sensitization in the activity of the neurons that peaked 48 h after eliminating the treatment, virtually dissipating following prolonged absence of the chemotherapeutic. These data reproduced the results published in previous clinical trials, suggesting the translational potential of the model. Thanks to these long-term cultures, we could observe that the increase in the activity was present in both IB4(-) and IB4(+) neurons. In addition, this effect was correlated with a higher activity of the ion channels TRPV1, TRPM8, and NaV1.8, emerging as potential therapeutic targets to treat the CIPN. However, when we analyzed the mRNA levels of these channels, we could not detect significant differences, indicating that the channels dysregulation was occurring by post-translational rather than transcriptional mechanisms. Besides, due to the cumulative evidence on the existence of sexual dimorphism in the symptomatology and physiopathological pathways of pain, an additional objective was established to analyze the possible sex differences examining separately the cultures obtained from male and female rats. With this segregation, we could find that females were more sensitive to paclitaxel, showing a more pronounced increase in the nociceptors’ excitability after its treatment. For the model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy, oxaliplatin produced a time-dependent effect, with longer incubation times (48 h compared with 24 h exposure) driving to a higher sensitization of the neurons. Immediately after the 48 h treatment, the sensory neurons exhibited a notorious increase in the excitability. This increase was mainly produced in the IB4(+) neuronal subtype, where we could detect a reduced rheobase and a higher firing frequency of action potentials. Related to this effect, we observed an alteration in the kinetics of the NaV channels, slowing down their inactivation and promoting the recovery from their fast inactivation. Analyzing TRP channels, enhanced activity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels was detected without affecting TRPM8 functionality. As a possible explanatory mechanism, using quantitative PCR, we found higher TRPV1 and TRPA1 mRNA levels, suggesting that oxaliplatin could modify these channels by transcriptional mechanisms. Interestingly, the response to oxaliplatin showed a sexual dimorphic effect. Oxaliplatin only depolarized the resting membrane potential of the neurons extracted from female rats. Moreover, significant sex differences were found in the underlying molecular mechanisms. Females showed increased NaV and diminished KV current density, whereas males presented bigger expression of the TRPA1 ion channel and longer duration and faster recovery of the NaV current. In this way, the data obtained with both models suggested that the sexual dimorphism could have a strong influence in CIPN. Besides, TRP channels seemed to play a pivotal role in these differences. To further explore this topic, we conducted a review on the role of thermoTRP channels in males and females in two types of chronic pain with a strong peripheral component: chronic migraine and CIPN. One of the conclusions that we could extract from this work was the need of incorporating and segregating both sexes in clinical and preclinical assays, because most of these studies did not analyze them separately and, nowadays, an increasing number of evidence points towards the presence of sexual dimorphism in pain pathways. Studying the different therapeutic options available, we remarked the possibility of modulating these channels with topical formulations, due to the lower associated adverse effects. However, to achieve the effectiveness of these treatments in the whole population, there is a need of continue investigating the molecular details that could explain this sexual dimorphism. Only from this knowledge we could develop and adapt more effective pharmacological drugs for men and women, reaching a satisfactory treatment against chronic pain. Taken together, in this doctoral thesis we have developed two in vitro preclinical models that emulated the neuropathy induced by the chemotherapeutic agents’ paclitaxel and oxaliplatin. With these in vitro models, we could replicate previous data obtained in clinical and preclinical assays, showing its translational potential for investigating the peripheral neuropathies. Besides, we could identify potential therapeutic targets for treating the chronic pain produced by paclitaxel and oxaliplatin treatments. Finally, the present doctoral thesis shows the novel presence of sexual dimorphism in response to these agents opening a new venue to develop personalized treatments against CIPN.
Notas:
Programa de Doctorado en Biología Molecular y Celular del Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) de la Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Palabras clave/Materias:
Neurociencias
Biología molecular
Biología celular
Área de conocimiento :
CDU: Ciencias puras y naturales: Biología
Tipo de documento :
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Derechos de acceso:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Aparece en las colecciones:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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