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https://hdl.handle.net/11000/29305
Desarrollo y validación de medios de cultivo alternativos de alto valor añadido para su uso en sistemas hortícolas y forestales en el estado mediterráneo
Title: Desarrollo y validación de medios de cultivo alternativos de alto valor añadido para su uso en sistemas hortícolas y forestales en el estado mediterráneo |
Authors: Gomis Valero, María del Pilar |
Tutor: Pérez Murcia, Mª Dolores ![]() Bustamante, Maria Angeles ![]() |
Editor: Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche |
Department: Departamentos de la UMH::Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente |
Issue Date: 2022-07-28 |
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/11000/29305 |
Abstract: El cultivo sin suelo es aquel que se realiza fuera de su ambiente natural, el suelo. Surge por la necesidad de ahorrar recursos, como agua y fertilizantes, solucionar problemas relacionados con las plagas e insectos del suelo y facilitar las tareas de cultivo. Frente al cultivo tradicional, este si... Ver más Soilless cultivation is conducted outside of its natural environment, the soil. It appears from the need to save resources, such as water and fertilizers, solve problems related to plagues and insects in the soil and facilitate cultivation tasks. Compared to traditional cultivation, this system requires a higher investment, very precise irrigation systems, good water quality and specialized labour, etc. In Spain, the areas where this type of cultivation has been most developed are Andalucia and Murcia. Soilless growing systems are classified into: water crops (hydroponics), substrate crops (inert substrates and organic substrates). The soilless cultivation sector is constituted by several subsectors, such as nursery, young plant, propagation, container cultivation, ornamental plant, urban and private gardening, as well as intensive horticulture, either in seedlings or for production. This sector requires annually a very important volume of materials that work as support to the plant and, additionally, as media that allows adequate mineral nutrition of the plants and the exchange of fluids (water and air). As the main ingredient, peat (basically Sphagnum) is used almost exclusively, a non-renewable resource due to its slow replacement rate. Peatlands are wetlands of high ecological value that act as carbon sinks by storing and sequestering atmospheric carbon (Maher et al., 2008), so its exploitation-extraction-decomposition-mineralization clearly contribute to the greenhouse gases increase (Bullock et al., 2012). For all these reasons, because of the significant environmental impact that the exploitation and use of peat implies, several governments are trying to reduce its use as a substrate and soil amendment, as well as promoting the reuse of organic waste as components of the substrate (Moral et al., 2013; Ceglie et al., 2015). Therefore, there is an increasing demand in the soilless cultivation sector for alternative materials to be used as growing media to replace peat, a resource traditionally used together with perlite. On the other hand, the generation of organic wastes has increased considerably over the last years, a fact that associated with inadequate management implies, not only a significant environmental impact but also a significant loss of materials and energy. Therefore, the use of organic waste, mainly stabilized by composting and/or vermicomposting, as total or partial substitutes for peat in growing media, involves not only the management of these materials, but also their valorization. Various previous studies have shown the suitability for this purpose of different organic residues (Ceglie et al., 2015), such as compost of agro-industrial and livestock origin (Bustamante et al., 2008; Medina et al., 2009; Rinaldi et al., 2011; Tittarelli et al., 2009; Ceglie et al., 2011). We must also consider that strategies such as the restoration of degraded soils and the assurance of a minimal vegetation cover, effectively contribute to avoiding soil erosion and desertification (Cala et al., 2005). The optimization of these strategies is based not only on an adequate selection of the most efficient plant species in arid and semi-arid environments, but also on their germination-development, as well as their nutritional survival in such environments. Thus, the development of growing media based on organic materials, which are applied together with transplantation in repopulated areas, can increase the survival of the implanted species. This is based on the increase of the reserve of water and nutrients in the root environment adjacent to the alveolus of transplantation, which is essential in transplant systems where action is punctual and survival depends on the area, the environmental conditions and where maintenance-management is unusual. In this sense, organic materials, such as compost or vermicompost, can have adequate physical, physical-chemical and chemical properties, which can make them ideal for use as a component of substrates (Bustamante et al., 2008), either in growing media used in horticultural systems or as transitional media in forest systems. On the other hand, residual vegetable fibers not related to the agricultural sector, such as those from palm species, either with a slight previous processing (such as chopping) to reduce the particle size, or with a stabilization treatment (such as composting) they can also show properties that can make them suitable for use as substrates or substrate components. However, more information is still needed to establish a procedure in which the proportions and the type of organic material used in the growing media are optimized, mainly in the Mediterranean conditions and in the different subsectors of soilless cultivation, especially in the use of seedbeds or container cultivation, since this solution significantly affects transplant success and plant survival. In this framework, this research work was strategized, where sustainable solutions are proposed to reduce the use of peat in the soilless cultivation sector, based on the use of organic waste composted or not, as an ingredient in substrates. In the compendium of publications that constitues this Doctoral Thesis, the development and validation of alternative substrates to peat for use in the horticultural sector (Experiments 1 and 2), as well as for use in species used in reforestation and aromatic (Experiments 3 and 4) has been tackled. In the first work (Experiment 1), the effect of washing on the quality of the compost as substrate was studied. Different types of washed and unwashed composts were tested, made mainly by manure and digested from manure, which were used as an alternative material to peat in substitution proportions of 25%, 50% and 75% (v:v) using it in the cultivation of pepper. (Capsicum annum L. cv. Largo de Reus Pairal) in a commercial seedbed. These substrates showed adequate properties for their use as substitutes for peat, the salinity being reduced with the previous washing treatment, though this loss of water-soluble elements had no negative effect on the crop. In the second work (Experiment 2), residual materials from the urban sector were valued, developing growing media of one or two ingredients that included compost made from sludge and palm tree residues (leaves and trunk), crushed palm tree residues and coconut fiber, obtaining combinations with different proportions, ranging from 0% to 100% (v:v). These mixtures were used to grow lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. "Senna") in a seedbed. The uncomposted material based on palm leaves showed high germination, but a low level of biomass; however, the material based on palm trunks showed a good response from the seedlings. In the third work (Experiment 3), substrates were developed and validated with a reduced presence of peat for the seedbed development of native forest species. The alternative materials to peat were two composts made from palm trees and sewage sludge and a vermicomposts made from green wastes. Substrates were used in different forest species, such as oleander (Nerium oleander), widely used in recovery tasks in degraded areas due to its rapid growth and resistance, ephedra (Ephedra fragilis), and cypress (Tetraclinis articulata), species present in the Mediterranean area. The sowing took place in trays located in a forest nursery, when they reached an adequate size, they were transplanted to the ground to monitor their development. The mixtures showed adequate properties for use as a substrate and good results were obtained in all species. In the fourth work (Experiment 4), organic substrates were developed and validated in transitional growing media for container growth of aromatic species to ensure the survival of plants in reforestation. As an alternative material to peat, compost made with different waste materials from the urban and livestock sector were used, using up to five different compost (two of them were used in the form of pellets). The substrates were made from compost and peat in a proportion of 25% compost - 75% peat (v:v). The mixtures were used in containers for lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) native aromatic species, which were developed in a greenhouse. The organic transition substrate showed adequate properties and improved chemical aspects such as the catión Exchange capacity and the nutrient content compared to the slow-release inorganic treatments |
Notes: Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroalimentarias y Alimentarias |
Keywords/Subjects: Compostaje Hidropónica Turba Sustratos orgánicos Vermicompostaje |
Knowledge area: CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Agricultura. Silvicultura. Zootecnia. Caza. Pesca: Agricultura. Agronomía. Maquinaria agrícola. Suelos. Edafología agrícola |
Type of document: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
Access rights: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
Appears in Collections: Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías |