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https://hdl.handle.net/11000/28950
Tratamientos pre-cosecha y post-cosecha con elicitores para la mejora de la calidad en limón ecológico
Título : Tratamientos pre-cosecha y post-cosecha con elicitores para la mejora de la calidad en limón ecológico |
Autor : Serna Escolano, Vicente |
Tutor: Martínez-Romero, Domingo ![]() Veracruz, Valverde ![]() |
Editor : Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche |
Departamento: Departamentos de la UMH::Tecnología Agroalimentaria |
Fecha de publicación: 2021-11-05 |
URI : https://hdl.handle.net/11000/28950 |
Resumen : El limón (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F) es un fruto muy apreciado por los consumidores de todo el mundo por su apariencia, frescura, sabor y aroma característicos que lo convierten en un ingrediente imprescindible en cocina. Además, es un fruto con un elevado contenido en compuestos bioactivos con act... Ver más Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F) is a fruit highly appreciated by consumers around the world for its characteristic such as appearance, freshness, flavor and aroma that make it an essential ingredient for cooking. Besides, it is a fruit with many bioactive compounds and with high antioxidant activity. Recently, different pre-harvest strategies have been developed for improving the quality attributes of lemons at harvest time. Methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and oxalic acid (OA) are compounds naturally present in plants, which improve the post-harvest quality of the fruits when are used in pre-harvest. However, this strategy must be complemented with others that maintain the improvement in quality achieved with the pre-harvest treatments during the storage and commercialization stages. Essential oils (EOs) are made up of a set of compounds that have high antimicrobial activity and that are capable of controlling the growth of microorganisms when are applied properly. But they have certain drawbacks, such as high volatility, low stability and poor solubility in water. Therefore, cyclodextrins have been used to complex these compounds and correct the previously mentioned limitations. In this Doctoral Thesis, the effect of the pre-harvest treatments with methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and oxalic acid (OA) on the yield of each tree (kilograms per tree, number of fruits per tree and average weight of the fruits) was evaluated. Also, the organoleptic (colour and firmness), nutritional characteristics (total soluble solids, (TSS) and total acidity, (TA)) and functional quality (total phenolics content, (TFC)) of the fruit during 35 days of storage at 10 ºC were measured. Besides, it was evaluated the effect of pre-harvest treatments on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), related to the ripening and senescence processes of the fruit. The experiments were carried out for five consecutive years, in the period 2016-2020, using two varieties: 'Fino' grafted on Citrus macrophylla rootstock and 'Verna' grafted on Citrus aurantium rootstock. On the other hand, the aromatic monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol were selected as the best compounds to take part in the complexes with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins (HP-β-CDs) using two different inclusión methods: microwave (MW) and 'Slurry' (S). The phytopathogenic fungus Geotrichum citri-aurantii was chosen to carry out these experiments due to the lack of effective treatments to control it. In these experiments the 50% of effective dose, the minimum inhibitory concentration, the minimum fungicidal concentration and the necessary concentration of thymol and carvacrol encapsulated in HP-β-CDs to reduce the growth of G. citri-aurantii by 90% were measured. Finally, the effect of applying thymol-HP-β-CD before (preventive) and after (curative) the inoculation with G. citri-aurantii in 'Fino' lemon fruits was observed. These effects were evaluated by measuring weight loss and incidence of rotting, functional (CFT) and antioxidant (APX, CAT and POD enzymes) quality of fruit. The pre-harvest treatments were applied by spraying using the elicitors MeJa and OA at concentrations 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM, starting when the tree had the final load of fruits (after the physiological drop) and ending three days before harvest in 'Fino' and 'Verna'. The results showed that the best concentration for MeJA was 0.1 mM, increasing the CFT and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes from the first treatment. This effect was maintained throughout the growth and maturation stages on tree including harvesting and the storage period at 10 ºC. However for OA the best concentration was 1 mM, increasing the CFT and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes from the first treatment to the end of the experiment. Fruits from OA treated trees had better quality parameters at harvest and during storage at 10 ºC, maintaining the firmness, the TSS and the TA higher than the untreated fruits. These effects were achieved without affecting negatively the production of the trees. The effect of applying the EOs-HP-β-CDs at 0, 2.5, 5, 12, 25 and 50 mM on the growth of G. citri-aurantii was evaluated. The most effective inclusión method was MW, and thymol was more effective than carvacrol to control the development of G. citri-aurantii. It could be concluded that thymol-HP-β-CD at concentrations higher than 6 mM decreased the growth of the fungus more than 90 %. Furthermore, it was noted that thymol and carvacrol encapsulated were able to maintain their effectiveness by controlling the growth of the fungus for approximately twice as long as when the pure compounds were applied. Thymol-HP-β-CD was applied by spraying at concentrations of 25 and 50 mM and fruits were treated before (preventive) and after (curative) being inoculated with G. citri-aurantii. Furthermore, propiconazole was included in the experiment as a commercial solution for the control of fungi. The results showed that the most effective treatment to control the development of the G. citriaurantii was thymol-HP-β-CD at 50 mM, decreasing a 60 % of rot incidence and reducing the severity of symptoms a 30 % compared to the others treatments. The lowest weight losses were observed in fruits treated with thymol-HP-β-CD 50 mM, which could be related to a 55 % reduction in respiration rate. Finally, the TFC and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD and APX) were also higher in the flavedo of fruits treated with thymol-HP-β-CD 50 mM. MeJA and OA treatments could be applied in pre-harvest in order to improve the quality parameters and antioxidant properties of fruit at harvest and during storage. On the other hand, thymol-HP-β-CD applied in post-harvest, could be an effective strategy to maintain the quality of fruit for a longer period, reducing the incidence of phytopathogenic fungi. These results have been published in the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (Serna-Escolano et al., 2019), Journal of Food Science (Serna- Escolano et al., 2019), Molecules (Serna-Escolano et al., 2020) and Antioxidants (Serna-Escolano et al., 2021) |
Notas: Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroambientales y Alimentarias |
Palabras clave/Materias: Limones Conservación de alimentos Elicitores |
Área de conocimiento : CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Ingeniería, tecnología e industria química. Metalurgia:/ Alimentos y nutrición. Enología. Aceites. Grasas |
Tipo de documento : info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
Derechos de acceso: info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
Aparece en las colecciones: Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías |
La licencia se describe como: Atribución-NonComercial-NoDerivada 4.0 Internacional.