Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/11000/28949

Optimización del proceso de nixtamalización por extrusión para la obtención de tortillas de maíz azul (Zea mays L.) de calidad con alto contenido de antocianinas bioaccesibles


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Title:
Optimización del proceso de nixtamalización por extrusión para la obtención de tortillas de maíz azul (Zea mays L.) de calidad con alto contenido de antocianinas bioaccesibles
Authors:
Menchaca Armenta, Mariela  
Tutor:
Frutos Fernández, María José
Ramírez-Wong, Benjamín  
Editor:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Department:
Departamentos de la UMH::Tecnología Agroalimentaria
Issue Date:
2022
URI:
https://hdl.handle.net/11000/28949
Abstract:
Las propiedades nutracéuticas del maíz azul derivan de sus 24ethanol2424e secundarios. La tortilla de maíz es el alimento básico de la población 24ethanol y algunos países de Centro América. El proceso de 24ethanol24 actualmente se emplea como una alternativa al proceso de nixtamalización tradicion...  Ver más
The nutraceutical properties of blue corn are derived from its secondary metabolites. Corn tortilla is the staple food of the Mexican population and some countries of Central America. The extrusion process is currently used as an alternative to the traditional nixtamalization process to make tortillas. The objective of this research was to optimize the conditions of the nixtamalization extrusion process to obtain tortillas with high anthocyanin content, adequate texture, and to evaluate the stability and antioxidant capacity of the phytochemicals of corn tortilla under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The investigation was divided into three stages. During the first stage, the effect of the extrusion factors on different characteristics of the nixtamalized flours was evaluated in order to find the optimal processing conditions. Ground corn (2 mm mesh) was conditioned with 0.3% Ca(OH)₂ and flours were produced under the conditions obtained from a central composite design matrix, where the factors were: feed moisture (FM, 15-30%), temperature of the fourth zone of the extruder (TE, 70-110 ° C) and screw speed (SS, 50-145 rpm). The extrudates were dried at 50 °C for 1 hr, and milled (2 mm) to obtain the flours. The response variables were chemical, functional and amylographic properties. The response surface methodology was used to evaluate the experimental data and the optimizing was according to the maximum anthocyanin content and maximum peak viscosity. Tortilla was obtained with the optimal flour, which was characterized physically, chemically and texturally. Results of the first stage indicate that FM was the factor that had a great effect on the properties evaluated in the flours. The optimal process area was determined at FM of 18.17%, TE of 92.03 °C and SS of 76.61 rpm. Tortillas obtained showed adequate texture characteristics and a high anthocyanin content with a retention of 56.7%, with respect to raw corn. In the second stage, The effect of the nixtamalization extrusion process and the elaboration of tortillas on the stability of anthocyanins in blue corn was determined through kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The anthocyanins were extracted with acidified methanol, concentrated and resuspended in a buffer solution at pH (2.5) and were heat treated at 3 different temperatures (60, 75 or 90 ° C) for 2 h. The change in concentration over time was measured spectrophotometrically, and with these data the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were estimated. A completely randomized bifactorial design was used. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANDEVA), with a level of significance <0.05%.Results of the second stage showed that the degradation of anthocyanins in blue cornbased extruded nixtamalized products followed a first-order model with the determined thermodynamic parameters showing that the process was endothermic and non-spontaneous. The anthocyanin degradation kinetics of extruded corn flour and of prepared tortilla were similar, although tortilla making involved much higher temperatures (300 °C) than those applied in the extrusion process, probably in relation to the matrix protective effects, which caused a slower heat flow to the center of the tortilla due to some anatomical parts of the kernel. In the third stage, the changes in the content of phytochemicals, the bioaccessibility index and antioxidant capacity were evaluated during the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of blue corn, the extruded nixtamalized blue tortilla and a traditional white tortilla. The physiological conditions of the mouth, stomach and small intestine were simulated. The stability, bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds before and after digestion were evaluated in the soluble and insoluble fraction of the recovered extracts. A completely randomized two-factor design was used. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, with a level of significance <0.05. The results of the third stage indicated that digestion contributed to increase the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds, especially in the intestinal phase, where most of the nutrients are absorbed, and that despite the evidence of reductions in the content of the anthocyanins due to pH changes, tortillas exhibited effective antioxidant capacity in simulated gastrointestinal tract with potential beneficial effects on human health. It is concluded that the approach of this study can provide a useful guide to develop and optimize innovative pigmented corn-based products with minimal losses in biologically active compounds and predict their potential effects in vivo once they are consumed
Notes:
Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroambientales y Alimentarias
Keywords/Subjects:
Antocianinas
Conservación de alimentos
Harina de maíz
Nixtamalización
Knowledge area:
CDU: Ciencias aplicadas: Ingeniería, tecnología e industria química. Metalurgia:/ Alimentos y nutrición. Enología. Aceites. Grasas
Type of document:
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Access rights:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Appears in Collections:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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