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Aceites esenciales de origen botánico como insecticidas y repelentes en pulgones de cultivos hortícolas


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Title:
Aceites esenciales de origen botánico como insecticidas y repelentes en pulgones de cultivos hortícolas
Authors:
Cantó-Tejero, Manuel  
Tutor:
Pascual-Villalobos, Maria Jesus  
Guirao, Pedro  
Editor:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Department:
Departamentos de la UMH::Producción Vegetal y Microbiología
Issue Date:
2022-09
URI:
https://hdl.handle.net/11000/28948
Abstract:
Los pulgones son una de las plagas agrícolas que producen grandes pérdidas económicas sobre los cultivos en el mundo. El Campo de Cartagena es una de las principales zonas agrícolas de la Región de Murcia en la que destaca el cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus) bajo invernadero. Entre l...  Ver más
Aphids are one of the major agricultural pests that cause important economic losses on crops in the world. Campo de Cartagena is one of the main agricultural areas in Murcia, where pepper (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus) greenhouse crops are one of the most important. Among other crops that grow in the area, lettuce (Lactuca sativa Linnaeus) is also important, whereas Murcia is one of the main lettuce production areas in Europe. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are an important pest that affects these crops, specifically, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) are the main species that affect pepper crops and Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) the main species of lettuce crops. Furthermore, M. persicae transmits the Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in pepper and N. ribisnigri the Lettuce necrotic leaf curl virus (LNLCV). These species have great biotic potential and are able to develop large populations in a short time dificultting their control. Pepper and lettuce crops are grown differently, and their pest control is also different. In pepper greenhouse, aphid control is carried out using Integrated Pest Management strategies combining biological control (parasitoids and predators) and synthetic pesticides. On the other hand, in the lettuce, it is not possible to observe all the pests that appear in the crop, and chemical treatments are usually applied preventively. In addition, the aphid species mentioned above have generated resistance to many insecticides and the number of authorized products is decreasing due to restrictions or incompatibilities with natural enemies by legal requirements of the European food distribution chains. In this doctoral thesis, were studied the toxic and/or repellent effects of various essential oils from plants and pure compounds on the aphids M. persicae, M. euphorbiae and N. ribisnigri. Initially, the repellency of 8 essential oils and 12 pure compounds were evaluated using a choice bioassay (settling inhibition) on M. persicae and M. euphorbiae. The essential oils of anise (Pimpinella anisum Linnaeus), basil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson) (DR50 = 0.039 – 0.184 μL/cm2) and the pure compounds (E)-anethole, geraniol, farnesol and (Z)-jasmone (DR50= 0.011 – 0.086 μL/cm2) were the most active inhibiting the settlement of aphids. Also, the toxic effect produced by essential oils was evaluated on M. persicae using a new bioassay designed to evaluate the contact effect of essential oils (in aqueous formulations) under laboratory conditions. The essential oil of anise, geraniol, (Z)- jasmone and farnesol at a dose of 0.6% (v/v) were the most toxic (> 50% mortality) on M. persicae, where farnesol was the most active (93 .67% mortality). From the laboratory experiments, the essential oil of anise and its main compound, (E)-anethole, and the pure compounds geraniol, farnesol and (Z)-jasmone were selected as the most active, and their effect was studied when applied as a spray on pepper plants inoculated with M. persicae and M. euphorbiae. For this, the essential oils and pure compounds were formulated as nanoemulsions with an IKA-Labor Pilot dispersion rotor (7940 rpm for 10 minutes) using Tween80 as a surfactant (1:2). Foliar applications of nanoemulsions of farnesol or farnesol + (E)-anethol (1:1) at 0.2% (v/v) on pepper plants reduced aphid populations (M. persicae or M. euphorbiae) at 2 days post-treatment with efficacies over the 50%, while the applications of nanoemulsions of anise and (E)-anethole at 0.4% (v/v) on lettuce plants reduced the populations of N. ribisnigri (efficacies over 50 %) at 2 days post-treatment. The effect of (E)-anethole, (Z)-jasmone and farnesol volatiles were studied on the aphids M. persicae and M. euphorbiae and their natural enemies Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) using a two-way olfactometer. Farnesol at a dose of 10 μL was repellent against aphids and attractive to natural enemies. Whether these pure compounds produced a toxic effect on natural enemies was also evaluated by a residual toxicity test, showing slight toxicity against S. rueppellii (<20%). Nanoemulsions of anise, (E)-anethole and farnesol were evaluated under semi-field and field conditions in pepper greenhouses and lettuce open-air crops for several years. Foliar applications of nanoemulsions of farnesol at 0.4% (v/v) under field conditions caused a great reduction in aphid populations, with efficacies of 70-80% with respect to the control, similar or even greater than the efficacies of the reference insecticide based on pyrethrins. Anise or (E)-anethole nanoemulsions produced lower mortality than farnesol and were phytotoxic to pepper plants. On the other hand, the applications of nanoemulsions of anise and (E)-anethol in semi-field experiments reduced the populations of N. ribisnigri (with efficacies of 40–50%), while in the field, the treatments stopped the development of N. ribisnigri populations without any phytotoxic effect on the crop and proved to be compatible with syrphids and ladybirds In this doctoral thesis, essential oils and pure compounds from plants with repellent and/or insecticidal effects against aphids have been identified, and their formulations have been applied to pepper and lettuce crops in the field. Farnesol formulations are promising for aphid control in pepper greenhouses (because are toxic to aphids and compatible with some of their natural enemies). On the other hand, the use of aniseed and (E)-anethole formulations combined with other tools is a good option to manage N. ribisnigri in lettuce crops in the future. However, these formulations need to be improved for use in agriculture
Notes:
Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroambientales y Alimentarias
Keywords/Subjects:
Aceites esenciales
Control de plagas agrícolas
Insecticidas
Pulgones
Knowledge area:
CDU: Ciencias puras y naturales: Biología: Microbiología
Type of document:
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
Access rights:
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Appears in Collections:
Tesis doctorales - Ciencias e Ingenierías



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