Resumen :
Justificación
El cáncer colorrectal es uno de los más frecuentes y una importante causa de muerte a nivel
mundial. Numerosos factores, tanto genéticos como ambientales, participan en la
carcinogénesis y la progresión de estos tumores. El sistema inmune interviene en este proceso
en un intento de re... Ver más
Background
Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers and an important cause of death
worldwide. Numerous factors, both genetic and environmental, participate in the
carcinogenesis and progression of these tumors. The immune system comes into play in this
process in an attempt to restore the homeostasis of the organism. This fact has contributed to
the development of immunotherapy, a new treatment modality that is based on the
modification of certain characteristics of the immune system through the use of drugs, thus
managing to enhance the antitumor immune response. In recent years, it has gained
prominence in the field of oncology, with the development of new drugs that have proven to
be effective in the treatment of certain tumors such as melanoma. However, up until now, it
continues to be a very limited therapeutic modality, although at the same time promising.
Objective
This end-of-degree project aims to review the role of the immune system in the control of
colorectal cancer, the bases of immunotherapy and the treatments available in this field in
recent years.
Hypothesis
The immune system exerts initial and advanced control of tumors that affect the colon and
rectum. Immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints is shown to be a fundamental and
essential tool for the future management of patients with colorectal cancer.
Methods
In this end-of-degree project, a bibliographic review has been carried out through a
systematic search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as in the library of
the Miguel Hernández University. Scientific articles published from 2016 were selected.
Results
The immune system plays an essential role in the control of colorectal cancer, at the same
time that it favors its progression by exerting a selective pressure on it that contributes to the
development of immune evasion mechanisms, among which the modification of immune
control points stands out. Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab and Ipilimumab are inhibitors of these
checkpoints that have been shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with metastatic
colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability and defects in DNA mismatch repair systems.
Immunotherapy research seeks to identify which patients could benefit from it and monitor
their response through the use of biomarkers, as well as to extend the use of these treatments
to other colorectal tumors, by modifying their characteristics and developing new therapies.
Conclusions
- The immune system has a dual role in colorectal cancer, participating in tumor
elimination while positively selecting for resistant tumor populations. Colorectal
tumors have a microenvironment, in which immune cells, under the influence of
immune evasion mechanisms developed by the tumor, contribute to their progression.
- MSI-H and dMMR colorectal cancer modifies the expression of immune checkpoints
and thus inhibits the action of T lymphocytes.
- Current immunotherapy treatments use antibodies against PD-1 (Pembrolizumab and
Nivolumab) and CTLA-4 (Ipilimumab) in patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors.
Pembrolizumab was shown to be superior to chemotherapy in these patients
(KEYNOTE-177), thus approving its use as first-line treatment in these cases.
However, checkpoint inhibitors are not effective in pMMR-MSI-L or pMMR/MSS
colorectal cancer.
- New research in immunotherapy is focused on the modification of pMMR-MSI-L or
pMMR/MSS colorectal tumors and the development of new treatments for these
patients, as well as on the study of biomarkers
|