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Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP Concurrent Validity for Cycling

2026-09-23T16:23:38Z

Título : Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP Concurrent Validity for Cycling Autor : Moya-Ramon, Manuel; Javaloyes, Alejandro; Sarabia, José Manuel Resumen : Quantification models aim to accurately reflect the magnitude of the training stress imposed to the athlete, especially in sports with high training volumes, such as road cycling. The aim of this study was to explore the concurrent validity of a new whole-body bioenergetic TRIMP model (Hayes & Quinn, 2009) correlating the obtained training load scores in road cycling with other commonly used models (the Banister TRIMP, the sRPE model and Training Stress Score (TSS)). After three weeks of familiarization with procedures and the performed test to determine VO2max, critical power (Pcrit), anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and Maximal Power Output (Pmax), 12 well-trained road cyclists performed 8 weeks of individual training to record their individual training data (duration, heart rate, power output and rate of perceived effort (RPE)). Different Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between models and the changes in fitness. A very large correlation was found between Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP and RPE session (r = 0.90; p < 0.001) and TSS (r = 0.88; p < 0.01) and a moderate correlation was found with Banister’s TRIMP (r = 0.64; p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between changes in fitness and Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP. According to these findings, Hayes & Quinn´s TRIMP is a promising mathematical model based on an individual´s bioenergetic profile that could be used to quantify training load in road cycling. This research increases our knowledge about training load models that use power output to measure intensity.

Velocity and Power-Load Association of Bench Press Exercise in Wheelchair Basketball Players and Their Relationships With Field-Test Performance

2026-09-23T16:22:53Z

Título : Velocity and Power-Load Association of Bench Press Exercise in Wheelchair Basketball Players and Their Relationships With Field-Test Performance Autor : Iturricastillo, Aitor; Granados, Cristina; Reina, Raúl; Sarabia, José Manuel; Romarate, Ander Resumen : Purpose: This study analyzes the relationship between mean propulsive velocity (MPV) of the bar and relative load (%1RM) in the bench press exercise, as well as determining the relationship of power variables (i.e. Mean Power (MP), Mean Propulsive Power (MPP) and Peak Power (PP)) in change of direction ability (CODA), linear sprint and RSA performance. Methods: Nine Spanish First Division wheelchair basketball (WB) players participated in the study. All participants performed an isoinertial bench press (BP) test in free execution mode, 505 change of direction ability test (505 CODA), linear sprint test (20 m), and Repeated Sprint Ability Test (RSA). Results: A nearly perfect and inverse relationship was observed for the BP exercise between the %1RM and MPV (r = -.97; R2 = .945; P < 0.001). The maximum loads for MP, MPP and PP were obtained between 48.1 – 59.4% of the 1RM. However, no significant correlations were observed between strength and wheelchair performance. Conclusions: WB players with different functional impairments showed a nearly perfect and inverse relationship for the BP exercise between the %1RM and MPV, thus the MPV could be used to estimate the %1RM. This finding has important practical applications for velocity-based resistance training in which coaches would be able to prescribe and monitor training load. Conversely, the absence of association between BP performance and field tests might be due to other factors such as wheelchair-user interface, trunk muscular activity or propulsion technique apart from strength variables. Notas: Accepted Manuscript

Sequencing Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Physical Fitness in Youth Elite Tennis Players

2026-09-23T16:22:01Z

Título : Sequencing Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Physical Fitness in Youth Elite Tennis Players Autor : Fernandez-Fernandez, Jaime; Granacher, Urs; Sanz-Rivas, David; Sarabia-Marín, José Manuel; Hernández-Davó, José Luis; Moya-Ramón, Manuel Resumen : The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 5-week neuromuscular training (NMT) implemented before or after a tennis session in prepubertal players on selected components of physical fitness. Twenty-seven youth elite tennis players (age 12.9 ± 0.3 y) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups: NMT before regular tennis training (BT, n = 14) or NMT after regular tennis training (AT, n = 13). The NMT consisted of 1 set of 6 exercises performed with maximal effort. The training was conducted twice per week for 5 weeks. Before and after the intervention, speed over 5, 10, and 20 m, change-of-direction ability, countermovement jump, medicine-ball throw, and maximal handgrip strength were assessed. The BT group achieved positive effects from pretest to posttest measures in speed, 5-0-5 change-of-direction performance, countermovement-jump performance, medicine-ball throw, and handgrip strength. The AT group did not show the same improvements. Between-group comparisons revealed greater improvements for the BT group in selected performance-related variables. In conclusion, the inclusion of an NMT session before regular tennis training led to positive effects on jump, sprint, change-of-direction capacity, and upper-body power, whereas conducting the same exercise sessions after regular tennis training was not accompanied by the same improvements. Notas: Accepted manuscript

The effects of training with loads that maximise power output and individualised repetitions vs. traditional power training.

2026-09-23T16:21:14Z

Título : The effects of training with loads that maximise power output and individualised repetitions vs. traditional power training. Autor : Sarabia, José Manuel; Moya-Ramón, Manuel; Hernández-Davó, José Luis; Fernández-Fernández, Jaime; Sabido, Rafael Resumen : Background It has been suggested that strength training effects (i.e. neural or structural) vary, depending on the total repetitions performed and velocity loss in each training set. Purpose The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two training programmes (i.e. one with loads that maximise power output and individualised repetitions, and the other following traditional power training). Methods Twenty-five males were divided into three groups (optimum power [OP = 10], traditional training [TT = 9] and control group [CG = 6]). The training load used for OP was individualised using loads that maximised power output (41.7% ± 5.8 of one repetition maximum [1RM]) and repetitions at maximum power (4 to 9 repetitions, or ‘reps’). Volume (sets x repetitions) was the same for both experimental groups, while intensity for TT was that needed to perform only 50% of the maximum number of possible repetitions (i.e. 61.1%–66.6% of 1RM). The training programme ran over 11 weeks (2 sessions per week; 4–5 sets per session; 3-minute rests between sets), with pre-, intermediate and post-tests which included: anthropometry, 1RM, peak power output (PPO) with 30%, 40% and 50% of 1RM in the bench press throw, and salivary testosterone (ST) and cortisol (SC) concentrations. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and power output were recorded in all sessions. Results Following the intermediate test, PPO was increased in the OP group for each load (10.9%–13.2%). Following the post-test, both experimental groups had increased 1RM (11.8%–13.8%) and PPO for each load (14.1%–19.6%). Significant decreases in PPO were found for the TT group during all sets (4.9%–15.4%), along with significantly higher RPE (37%). Conclusion OP appears to be a more efficient method of training, with less neuromuscular fatigue and lower RPE.

The Effects of Sport-Specific Drills Training or High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Tennis Players

2026-09-23T16:20:22Z

Título : The Effects of Sport-Specific Drills Training or High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Tennis Players Autor : Fernández-Fernández, Jaime; Sanz, David; Sarabia, Jose Manuel; Moya, Manuel Resumen : Purpose: To compare the effects of combining high-intensity training (HIT) and sport-specific drill training (MT) versus sportspecific drill training alone (DT) on fitness performance characteristics in young tennis players. Methods: Twenty young tennis players (14.8 ± 0.1 y) were assigned to either DT (n = 10) or MT (n = 10) for 8 wk. Tennis drills consisted of two 16- to 22-min on-court exercise sessions separated by 3 min of passive rest, while MT consisted of 1 sport-specific DT session and 1 HIT session, using 16–22 min of runs at intensities (90–95%) related to the velocity obtained in the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT) separated by 3 min of passive rest. Pre- and posttests included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), VIFT, speed (20 m, with 5- and 10-m splits), 505 Agility Test, and countermovement jump (CMJ). Results: There were significant improvements after the training period in VO2peak (DT 2.4%, ES = moderate; MT 4.2%, ES = large) and VIFT (DT 2.2%, ES = small; MT 6.3%, ES = large) for both DT and MT, with no differences between training protocols. Results also showed a large increase in the 505 Agility Test after MT, while no changes were reported in the other tests (sprint and CMJ), either for MT or DT. Conclusions: Even though both training programs resulted in significant improvements in aerobic performance, a mixed program combining tennis drills and runs based on the VIFT led to greater gains and should be considered the preferred training method for improving aerobic power in young athletes.

Maximal-strength and its maintenance versus endurance-strength and its cessation in well-trained off-road cyclists

2026-09-23T16:19:26Z

Título : Maximal-strength and its maintenance versus endurance-strength and its cessation in well-trained off-road cyclists Autor : Botella Ruiz, Javier; Sarabia, José Manuel; Guillén, Silvia; López-Grueso, Raúl; Häkkinen, Keijo; Sabido, Rafael

Change of Direction Ability Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Players According to Functional Profiles

2026-09-23T16:18:33Z

Título : Change of Direction Ability Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Players According to Functional Profiles Autor : Reina, Raúl; Sarabia, José Manuel; Yanci, Javier; García-Vaquero, María Pilar; Campayo-Piernas, María Resumen : The aims of the present study were to evaluate the validity and reliability of the two different change of direction ability (CODA) tests in elite football players with cerebral palsy (CP) and to analyse the differences in performance of this ability between current functional classes (FT) and controls. The sample consisted of 96 international cerebral palsy football players (FPCP) and 37 football players. Participants were divided into four different groups according to the International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football (IFCPF) classes and a control group (CG): FT5 (n = 8); FT6 (n = 12); FT7 (n = 62); FT8 (n = 14); and CG (n = 37). The reproducibility of Modified Agility Test (MAT) and Illinois Agility Test (IAT) (ICC = 0.82–0.95, SEM = 2.5–5.8%) showed excellent to good values. In two CODA tests, CG performed faster scores compared with FPCP classes (p < 0.01, d = 1.76–3.26). In IAT, FT8 class comparisons regarding the other classes were: FT5 (p = 0.047, d = 1.05), FT6 (p = 0.055, d = 1.19), and FT7 (p = 0.396, d = 0.56). With regard to MAT, FT8 class was also compared with FT5 (p = 0.006, d = 1.30), FT6 (p = 0.061, d = 0.93), and FT7 (p = 0.033, d = 1.01). No significant differences have been found between FT5, FT6, and FT7 classes. According to these results, IAT and MAT could be useful and reliable and valid tests to analyse CODA in FPCP. Each test (IAT and MAT) could be applied considering the cut point that classifiers need to make a decision about the FT8 class and the other FT classes (FT5, FT6, and FT7).

Efectos sobre el estado de ánimo en jóvenes tenistas de diferentes volúmenes de entrenamiento de alta intensidad

2026-09-23T16:17:42Z

Título : Efectos sobre el estado de ánimo en jóvenes tenistas de diferentes volúmenes de entrenamiento de alta intensidad Autor : Moya-Ramón, Manuel; Sarabia-Marín, José Manuel; Torres-Luque, Gema Resumen : El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia del incremento de la carga de entrenamiento por medio del método Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) sobre el estado de ánimo de jóvenes tenistas. Participaron 30 tenistas (15.78 ± 1.58 a˜nos) en este programa de entrenamiento (7 semanas). Los sujetos fueron divididos en tres grupos: G1, volumen de entrenamiento de tenis más un incremento del 8.3% por medio de RSA; G2, ídem más un incremento de 16.6% de RSA; y G3, entrenamiento de tenis. El entrenamiento específico de tenis fue controlado e igualado, además se cumplimentó un cuestionario semanal para establecer el perfil de estado de ánimo (Balaguer, Fuentes, Meliá, García-Mérita & Pons, 1995). Los resultados mostraron variaciones en G1 y G2. Mientras en G1 las puntuaciones de los factores tensión y fatiga se incrementaron al final del programa (p < .05), en G2 aumentaron las puntuaciones de tensión, depresión, hostilidad y fatiga al comienzo del programa, y se redujeron significativamente al final (p < .05). En G3 no hubo modificaciones. La diferente evolución del estado de ánimo de los sujetos en función del volumen de entrenamiento de RSA realizado, muestra la necesidad de monitorizar la carga interna para ajustar este entrenamiento.; The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the repeated sprint ability (RSA) training load increase on the mood states in young tennis players. Thirty tennis players (15.78 ± 1.58 years) took part in this training program (7 weeks). The subjects were divided into 3 groups: G1, specific tennis training and an increase of 8.3% of RSA training volume; G2 specific tennis training and an increase of 16.6% of RSA training volume; G3, only specifictennis training. The specific tennis training volume was controlled and equated for this period,and all the subjects also filled out a weekly questionnaire to establish the profile of mood states(POMS, Balaguer, Fuentes, Meliá, García-Mérita & Pons, 1995). The results showed changes inG1 and G2. Whereas tension and fatigue scores increased at the end of the training programin G1 (p < .05), scores of tension, depression, hostility and fatigue were higher at the beginningthan at the end of the training program in G2 (p < .05). There were no significant changes in G3for any variable. The different evolution of subjects’ mood states based on RSA training volumeperformed shows the need for monitoring internal load to fit this training.

Rest Interval Required for Power Training With Power Load in the Bench Press Throw Exercise

2026-09-23T16:16:33Z

Título : Rest Interval Required for Power Training With Power Load in the Bench Press Throw Exercise Autor : Hernández-Davó, José L.; Sabido Solana, Rafael; Sarabia-Marín, José Manuel; Fernández Fernández, Jaime; Moya Ramón, Manuel Resumen : Herna´ndez Davo´ , JL, Sabido-Solana, R, Sarabia-Marı´n, JM, Ferna´ndez Ferna´ndez, J, and Moya Ramo´ n, M. Rest interval required for power training with power load in the bench press throw exercise. J Strength Cond Res 30(5): 1265–1274, 2016— This study aimed to test the influence of various rest interval (RI) durations used between sets on power output performance and physiological and perceptual variables during a strength training session using 40% of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press throw exercise. Thirty-one college students (18 males and 13 females) took part in the study. The experimental protocol consists of 5 sets of 8 repetitions of the bench press throw exercise with a load representing 40% of 1RM. Subjects performed the experimental protocol on 3 different occasions, differing by the RI between sets (1, 2, or 3 minutes). During the sessions, power data (mean power and peak power), physiological (lactate concentration [La+]) and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) variables were measured. In addition, delayed onset muscular soreness was reported 24 and 48 hours after the training session. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that 1-minute RI entailed higher power decreases and greater increases in values of physiological and perceptual variables compared with both 2- and 3-minute RIs. Nevertheless, no differences were found between 2- and 3-minute RIs. Therefore, this study showed that, when training with 40% of 1RM in the bench press throw exercise, a 2-minute RI between sets can be enough to avoid significant decreases in power output. Consequently, training sessions’ duration could be reduced without causing excessive fatigue, allowing additional time to focus on other conditioning priorities.

Addition of strength training to off-road cyclists training. A pilot study

2026-09-23T16:15:35Z

Título : Addition of strength training to off-road cyclists training. A pilot study Autor : Botella, Javier; Sarabia, Jose Manuel; Guillén, Silvia; López-Grueso, Raúl; Häkkinen, Keijo; Sabido, Rafael Resumen : This study investigated the effects of adding a traditional strength training approach (endurance-strength = ES) during the pre-season versus a non-traditional approach where strength training is further maintained throughout the season (maximal-strength = MS), on aerobic and anaerobic parameters of off-road cyclists. Eleven off-road cyclists were divided into two groups. The ES group (n=6) performed during the first 8 weeks endurance-strength training, while the MS group (n=5) performed maximal-strength training, both together with their usual endurance training. During the following 8 weeks, only MS group maintained 1 session of strength training per week. 1RM, VO2max, Maximal aerobic power (Wmax), Power at 4-mmol·L-1 (LT4.0), Peak Power (PP), Mean Power (MP), Power best 5s (PB5), Power last 5s (PL5) and Fatigue Index (FI) were assessed. Results showed that there were significant (P < 0.05) increases for MS group in PP (+ 4.8%) from PRE to MID, in 1RM (+ 15.8%) from PRE to POST, while in the ES group there was a decrease in 1RM (- 16.1%), PL5 (-4.3%) with an increase in FI (+ 9.5) from MID to POST. Effect size calculations showed small and moderate improvements in PP (+ 3.6%), MP (+ 2.8%), PB5 (+ 4.3%) from PRE to POST for MS group, while ES group showed a small improvement in VO2max (+ 4.1%), LT4.0 (+ 4.3%) and PB5 (+ 2.7%) from PRE to MID, and a small decrease between MID to POST in Wmax (- 4.1%) and MP (- 2.6%). These results suggest that by including a non-traditional strength training approach it is possible to maintain aerobic levels and possibly increase anaerobic parameters throughout the off-road cycling season.