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Competencias transversales en la universidad: validación de un cuestionario para su evaluación

2025-11-22T02:05:00Z

Título : Competencias transversales en la universidad: validación de un cuestionario para su evaluación Autor : Solanes Puchol, Ángel; Martín del Río, Beatriz; García Selva, Adrián Resumen : Las competencias transversales constituyen un elemento clave para la formación académico-profesional e inserción sociolaboral del alumnado universitario. Numerosos estudios dan cuenta de una brecha entre el nivel de competencias genéricas y el nivel demandado por el mercado laboral. La evaluación de estas competencias se torna fundamental en la formación universitaria, por lo que es necesario contar con herramientas de evaluación válidas. Objetivo: Desarrollar un instrumento de medición que evalúe eficazmente dichas competencias. Método: Se ha diseñado un cuestionario a partir del modelo utilizado por Solanes et al. (2008), utilizando el método Delphi para evaluar la validez de contenido. La prueba fue administrada a 946 estudiantes, dividiendo esta muestra en cuatro subgrupos iguales para efectuar dos análisis paralelos y dos análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Resultados: La escala definitiva está compuesta por 38 ítems que explican el 53.1% de la varianza, con un omega de McDonald de .94. El análisis paralelo revela una estructura factorial de cinco factores. Asimismo, los análisis factoriales confirmatorios proporcionan evidencias de validez sobre la estructura interna del cuestionario (CMIN/DF = 1.903; RMSEA = .062; CFI = .91; PNFI = .657; NFI = .90; RMR = .042; PGFI = .88). Discusión: Se proporciona un instrumento que reúne las especificaciones para ser considerado una herramienta válida y fiable, que evalúa las competencias transversales más demandadas por el mercado laboral.; Introduction: Transversal competences constitute a key element for the academic-professional training and sociolabour insertion of university students. Numerous studies reveal a gap between the level of generic skills and the level demanded by the labor market. The evaluation of these competencies becomes essential in university education, so it is necessary to have valid evaluation tools. Objective: To develop a measurement instrument that effectively evaluates said competencies. Method: a questionnaire has been designed based on the model used by Solanes et al. (2008), using the Delphi method to assess content validity. The test has been administered to 946 students, dividing this sample into four equal subgroups to carry out two parallel analyzes and two confirmatory factor analyzes. Results: The final scale is composed of 38 items that explain 53.1% of the variance, with a McDonald’s omega of .94. The parallel analysis reveals a factorial structure of five factors. Likewise, the confirmatory factor analyzes provide evidence of validity on the internal structure of the questionnaire (CMIN/DF = 1.903; RMSEA = .062; CFI = .91; PNFI = .657; NFI = .90; RMR = .042; PGFI = .88). Discussion: An instrument is provided that meets the specifications to be considered a valid and reliable tool, which evaluates the transversal skills most demanded by the labor market.

Revisiting Psychological Contract Measurement: Validation of the PSYCONES Questionnaire

2025-11-22T02:05:06Z

Título : Revisiting Psychological Contract Measurement: Validation of the PSYCONES Questionnaire Autor : García Selva, Adrián; Martín del Río, Beatriz; Ramos López, José Resumen : The psychological contract is a fundamental construct for understanding the relationships established between employee and employer. However, the current literature states that there is no validated instrument to measure this construct. The present research aims to validate the psychological contract questionnaire developed by the PSYCONES team, providing empirical evidence on its reliability and validity in the current labor context. A sample of 1764 workers in the Spanish labor market was used, and a cross-validation process was applied, in which exploratory factor analysis was performed and various models (CFA, ESEM, CFA bifactor and ESEM bifactor) were tested to evaluate the structure of the questionnaire. In addition, multigroup invariance analyses were performed to examine the stability of the model according to gender and job level. The results indicated that the four-factor ESEM model showed the best fit and representation of the following dimensions of the psychological contract: fulfillment of company promises, fulfillment of employee promises, psychological contract violation, and perception of justice and trust. Likewise, the scale showed significant relationships with job satisfaction and organizational commitment, reinforcing its concurrent validity. This study provides a psychometrically robust instrument to assess the psychological contract in the workplace, offering a basis for future research and practical applications in different organizational contexts.

A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Interventions to Reduce Binge Drinking

2025-11-22T02:04:58Z

Título : A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Interventions to Reduce Binge Drinking Autor : Giménez Costa, José Antonio; Martín del Río, Beatriz; Gómez Íñiguez, Consolación; García Selva, Adrián; Motos Sellés, Patricia; Cortés Tomás, María Teresa Resumen : Binge drinking (BD) is defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption that results in a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 g/dL or higher, typically achieved after consuming approximately 70 g of pure alcohol (about five drinks for men) or 56 g (about four drinks for women) within roughly two hours. It is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults and has significant physical, psychological, and social consequences. Despite numerous interventions to reduce BD, there is limited systematic evidence on their effectiveness. This study presents a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating interventions to reduce BD, focusing on their impact on frequency, intensity, and associated physical, psychological, or social outcomes. The review followed PRISMA 2020, and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024623481). A comprehensive search was conducted in multidisciplinary and specialized databases. Included studies were RCTs targeting BD in clinical or community populations of any age. Non-empirical and observational studies, or studies not specifically focused on BD were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and a total of 21 studies (N = 14,754 participants) were included, showing high variability in design, format, and theoretical basis. Brief, individual digital interventions predominated, although face-to-face group and multimodal interventions proved more effective. Eleven studies reported significant reductions in BD frequency or prevalence; fewer addressed intensity. Interventions based on motivational and cognitive behavioral approaches, especially in structured programmes with prolonged follow-up, were the most effective. Improvements were observed in psychosocial variables (e.g., negative consequences, self-efficacy, expectations, social norms, and intention to consume), but not in physical health or consumption of other substances. Most studies had a moderate risk of bias, and few demonstrated long-term effects. More robust, comparative, and longitudinal studies are needed.

Psychosocial work environment beyond WEIRD: meta-analytic and psychometric evidence on the Job Content Questionnaire

2025-11-22T02:05:03Z

Título : Psychosocial work environment beyond WEIRD: meta-analytic and psychometric evidence on the Job Content Questionnaire Autor : García Selva, Adrián; Martín del Río, Beatriz; Leiva Bianchi, Marcelo Resumen : Background: The psychosocial work environment significantly impacts employee well-being and performance. Among the most recognized models for assessing psychosocial risk factors is the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model, which posits that psychological demands, job control, and social support are core determinants of work-related stress. Although extensively studied, research on its measurement tools—particularly the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ)—has been disproportionately conducted in WEIRD countries, raising questions about cross-cultural validity. Objective: This study aimed to (I) evaluate the reliability of JCQ dimensions across cultures through a meta-analytic approach and (II) validate a 15-item short version of the JCQ in a large and culturally distinctive Spanish sample. Methods: A meta-analysis of 21 studies (N = 21,732) from WEIRD and non-WEIRD countries assessed the internal consistency of psychological demands and job control dimensions. Additionally, an empirical validation was conducted with 860 Spanish workers using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to test factorial structure, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender, job level, and educational background. Results: Meta-analytic results showed moderate to high internal consistency for job control (α = 0.737) and psychological demands (α = 0.603), with higher reliability in WEIRD populations for job control. The Spanish validation supported a four-factor ESEM model with excellent fit and invariance across demographic groups. All dimensions showed strong composite reliability and convergent validity. Conclusion: This research confirms the robustness of the JCQ’s core constructs and supports the use of a concise, psychometrically sound version of the instrument across diverse sociocultural contexts. It also advances equitable psychometric practices by bridging WEIRD and non-WEIRD research efforts.

Evaluating the Positive Functioning at Work (PF-W) Questionnaire: Insights into Predictive Factors of Well-Being Among Spanish Workers

2025-11-22T02:04:58Z

Título : Evaluating the Positive Functioning at Work (PF-W) Questionnaire: Insights into Predictive Factors of Well-Being Among Spanish Workers Autor : García Selva, Adrián; Neipp López, María del Carmen; Martín del Río, Beatriz Resumen : This study examines the interplay between individual predictors (self-efficacy) and organizational factors (perceived organizational support) within the framework of the PERMA+4 model to promote workplace well-being. Data were collected from 545 employees (57.8% women) using self-reported questionnaires and analyzed through structural equation modeling. The results indicate that self-efficacy positively influences seven dimensions of the PERMA+4 model, while perceived organizational support significantly affects five dimensions. Positive emotions are identified as a mediator, amplifying the impact of PERMA+4 dimensions on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Specifically, positive emotions have a positive effect on job satisfaction, underscoring their pivotal role in the workplace well-being. These findings validate the PERMA+4 model as a comprehensive framework for understanding workplace well-being, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between individual and organizational factors. Moreover, they provide actionable insights for interventions aimed at enhancing employee satisfaction and long-term commitment by fostering self-efficacy, organizational support, and positive emotions.

Relationship between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an observational study

2025-09-30T01:05:49Z

Título : Relationship between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an observational study Autor : Zúnica García, Sara; Blanquer Gregori, José Javier; Sanchez-Ortiga, Ruth; Jiménez-Trujillo, Isabel; Chicharro-Luna, Esther Resumen : Purpose The main study goal is to assess the relationship between adherence to the mediterranean diet (MD) and the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Observational pilot study of 174 patients diagnosed with T2DM. Sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, physical activity, smoking habits, blood biochemical parameters and comorbidities were recorded. The presence of alterations in sensitivity to pressure, pain, thermal and vibration was explored. Good MD adherence was a score ≥ 9 the 14-point MD adherence questionnaire (MEDAS-14). Results The study population consisted of 174 patients (61.5% men and 38.5% women), with a mean age of 69.56 ± 8.86 years; 19% of these patients adhered to the MD. The score obtained in the MEDAS-14 was higher in patients who did not present alterations in sensitivity to pressure (p = 0.047) or vibration (p = 0.021). The patients without diabetic peripheral neuropathy were more likely to comply with the MD and had a higher score on the MEDAS-14 (p = 0.047). However, multivariate analysis showed that only altered sensitivity to pressure was associated with adherence to the MD (altered sensitivity OR = 2.9; 95%CI 1.02–8.22; p = 0.045). Conclusions Although the patients with DPN had lower scores on the MEDAS questionnaire and therefore poorer adherence to the mediterranean diet, the only parameter significantly associated with the MD was that of sensitivity to pressure (monofilament test).

Impact of systemic sclerosis on foot skin hydration: A case-control study

2025-09-30T01:05:48Z

Título : Impact of systemic sclerosis on foot skin hydration: A case-control study Autor : Gracia Sánchez, Alba; García Cano, Laura; Ramos-Petersen, Laura; Gijon-Nogueron, Gabriel; Zúnica García, Sara; Chicharro-Luna, Esther Resumen : Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is a connective tissue disease characterized by excessive collagen production, leading to microvascular damage, fibrosis, and dysfunction of the skin and internal organs. The skin of the foot, due to its weight-bearing function and exposure to mechanical forces, may undergo alterations, contributing to the development of ulcers and other podiatric complications. However, little is known about foot skin hydration in patients with SSc. This study aims to assess the hydration level of the stratum corneum in the foot skin of patients with SSc. Materials and methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Clinical Rheumatology Unit of the Regional University Hospital of M´alaga (Spain). Participants included 47 patients diagnosed with SSc and 52 age- and sexmatched controls. Hydration measurements were performed at ten points on the foot using the Corneometer 825® device. Sociodemographic and clinical data, including smoking habits, were also collected. Results: No significant differences were found in total foot hydration between the SSc and control groups (p = 0.254 for the right foot, p = 0.835 for the left foot), although a trend towards lower hydration was observed in the feet of affected patients. Differences were identified in specific areas of the foot, with lower hydration levels in the arch and the medial and lateral heel regions. In the medial arch of the right foot, the SSc group showed significantly lower hydration (p = 0.006). No significant associations were found with age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, or water intake, but an association with smoking habits was observed in SSc patients; non-smokers had higher foot hydration levels compared to former and current smokers (p = 0.06). Conclusion: Patients with systemic sclerosis present reduced hydration in specific areas of the foot, particularly in the medial arch. Smoking may negatively influence foot skin hydration. Further research is needed to explore these findings and their implications for podiatric care in patients with SSc.

Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Load Distribution, Plantar Pressures, and Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Women

2025-09-23T01:04:59Z

Título : Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Load Distribution, Plantar Pressures, and Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Women Autor : Zúnica García, Sara; Chicharro-Luna, Esther; Gracia Sánchez, Alba; Jiménez-Trujillo, Isabel; Garcia-Campos, Jonatan; Sempere, Ángel Resumen : Alterations in static plantar pressure distribution serve as important indicators of gait and balance impairments in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In addition, the identification of altered patterns of plantar load distribution, along with restricted ankle dorsiflexion, may serve as early markers of postural instability and gait dysfunction in women with MS. Objectives: To assess differences in static plantar pressure, load distribution, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion between women diagnosed with MS and women without the condition. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between April and December 2024. Women with MS were recruited from patient associations in the provinces of Alicante and Murcia, as well as from the neurology outpatient clinic at the Doctor Balmis University Hospital (Alicante, Spain). Static postural assessment was performed using the Neo-Plate® pressure platform, which measured maximum and mean plantar pressure (kPa), load distribution (%), contact surface area (cm2), and anterior–posterior weight distribution between the forefoot and rearfoot. The ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was assessed with a universal two-arm goniometer. All parameters were compared with those of a group of women without a diagnosis of MS. Results: Compared to women without MS, participants with MS showed a significantly greater load on the right forefoot (25.75% vs. 23.41%, p = 0.021), and reduced load on the right (23.09% vs. 26.01%, p = 0.004) and left rearfoot (26.60% vs. 30.85%, p = 0.033). Total forefoot loading was significantly higher (52.33% vs. 46.40%, p < 0.001), and rearfoot loading was lower (47.64% vs. 52.42%, p = 0.006) in the MS group. Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was also significantly reduced in women with MS, both with the knee flexed (5.95◦ ± 4.50 and 6.76◦ ± 4.69 vs. 15.45◦ ± 5.04 and 14.90◦ ± 5.43) and extended (2.69◦ ± 3.69 and 3.12◦ ± 3.83 vs. 8.17◦ ± 3.41 and 8.60◦ ± 3.31), with all differences reaching statistical significance (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Women with MS present significant alterations in static plantar load distribution, with increased forefoot and decreased rearfoot loading, as well as markedly reduced ankle dorsiflexion, in comparison to women without the disease. These findings suggest the presence of postural imbalances associated with MS, potentially affecting functional stability and mobility.

Impact of Exercise Training in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Umbrella Review

2025-09-24T08:27:45Z

Título : Impact of Exercise Training in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Umbrella Review Autor : Gracia Sánchez, Alba; Lopez-Pineda, Adriana; NOUNI GARCÍA, RAUF; Zúnica García, Sara; Chicharro-Luna, Esther; Gil-Guillén, Vicente F Resumen : Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and serious complication of diabetes mellitus, affecting sensory, motor, and autonomic nerves. It increases the risk of foot ulceration and falls. Management typically involves preventive strategies like patient education, risk stratification, and regular foot screenings. Exercise plays a key role in enhancing glycemic control and nerve function, reducing the risk of DPN and related complications. This umbrella review aimed to evaluate the impact of different exercise interventions on patients with DPN. Methods The search was conducted in the following databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, from the establishment of the database up to the search date (September 11, 2023). We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing exercise interventions in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and DPN. Studies were selected based on predefined PICO criteria. The methodological quality of included reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Results were synthesized narratively and categorized by exercise type and health outcome. Results Fourteen reviews were included, examining the effects of various exercise interventions. Duration ranged from one week to 12 months, and studies were conducted in multiple countries. Additionally, we extracted and reanalyzed individual results from 70 primary studies included within the reviews. Some meta-analyses reported significant improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c (n = 1), neuropathic symptoms (n = 3), physical function (n = 1), static and dynamic balance (n = 2), range of motion (n = 1), and fear of falling (n = 1). No significant effects were found for BMI, ulcer incidence, adverse events, weight-bearing activity, quality of life, or forefoot plantar pressure (n = 1). Outcome assessment tools included the Biodex system (n = 9), single-leg stance (n = 8), Berg Balance Scale (n = 11), and Timed Up and Go (n = 13) for balance; nerve conduction velocity (n = 8), MNSI (n = 6), and Total Symptom Score (n = 3) for nerve function; fasting glucose (n = 3) and HbA1c (n = 5) for glycemic control. Other outcomes included muscle strength (n = 6), functional capacity (n = 6), pain (n = 6), and quality of life (n = 6). Conclusions Exercise training appears to have potential benefits for certain aspects of DPN, neuropathic symptoms, and functional capacity. However, the effects on glycemic control, fall risk reduction, and ulcer prevention remain inconclusive, with significant variability in study outcomes.

Exploring the influence of dietary habits on foot risk in type 2 diabetes patients: An observational study

2025-09-23T01:04:57Z

Título : Exploring the influence of dietary habits on foot risk in type 2 diabetes patients: An observational study Autor : Zúnica García, Sara; Blanquer Gregori, José Javier; Sanchez-Ortiga, Ruth; Jiménez-Trujillo, Isabel; Chicharro-Luna, Esther Resumen : Background & aim: To date, there are no studies demonstrating the impact of the Mediterranean diet on the risk of diabetic foot ulcer. The aim of this research was to examine the connection between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the level of risk of diabetic foot ulcers in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Observational pilot study collecting sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and type 2 diabetes-related data. Loss of protective sensation was assessed using the Semmes Weinstein 5.07e10 g monofilament, considered altered when not perceived in four points. Vascular status was assessed by palpating pulses and ankle-brachial index, indicating peripheral arterial disease if ankle-brachial index was less than 0.9 or if both pulses were absent. Foot deformities were recorded. The risk of diabetic foot ulcers was stratified into two categories: no risk and risk of diabetic foot ulcers. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener-14 questionnaire (good adherence with score >7). Results: Of the 174 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who participated (61.5% men and 38.5% women) with a mean age of 69.56 ± 8.86 years and a mean duration of type 2 diabetes of 15.34 ± 9.83 years. Non-adherent patients to the Mediterranean diet exhibited a higher association of diabetic foot ulcers (p ¼ 0.030) and a lower average score on the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener-14 (p ¼ 0.011). Additionally, a lower incidence of diabetic foot ulcers was observed in those who consumed nuts three or more times a week (p ¼ 0.003) and saut eed foods two or more times a week (p ¼ 0.003). Multivariate analysis highlighted the importance of physical activity (OR ¼ 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 e0.54; p < 0.001), podiatric treatment (OR ¼ 2.59, 95% CI 1.21e5.56; p ¼ 0.014), and duration of type 2 diabetes (OR ¼ 3.25, 95% CI 1.76e5.99; p < 0.001) as significantly associated factors related to the risk of diabetic foot ulcers. Conclusions: Adhering to the Mediterranean diet correlates with a lower incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, factors such as regular physical activity, podiatric treatment, and the duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus emerge as pivotal in preventing diabetic foot ulcers.